OBJECTIVES:There has been no systematic analysis of coping strategies for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) using large-scale cumulative data. We preliminarily examined the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful coping strategies for BPSD. DESIGN:We employed a deductive and inductive analysis (hybrid approach) of the data derived from "Ninchisho Chienowa-net," a web-based system that collects caregivers' coping strategies for BPSD. Antecedent control procedure and consequence manipulation in applied behavior analysis (ABA) were used as theory-driven codes for deductive classification. CASES:We targeted 1049 cases except "others" among BPSD's categories submitted from January 2016 to January 2019, and finally, 1027 were selected. MEASUREMENTS:Subsequently, nine sub-codes of coping strategies were inductively generated through a trial classification in the first BPSD category, applying these to remaining categories. RESULTS:Success frequencies varied significantly across coping strategy sub-codes: strategies "assisting the person in performing other activities," "addressing setting events," "listening to the person and accepting her/his challenges," and "multi-coping strategies" had higher success frequencies than expected. Conversely, "explaining reality" and "inhibiting BPSD" had higher failure frequencies than expected. As for the BPSD category "problems due to forgetting," "prompting the person to do an appropriate behavior" was more successful than other coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS:This investigation systematically elucidated the efficacy of various coping strategies, delineating successful ones from those that were not. The discerned patterns across all categories of BPSD and within each individual category will provide valuable insights for caregivers.
Despite ample evidence supporting the association between relational and overt aggression and social-psychological adjustment problems, little is known about how this association occurs among adolescents in non-Western cultures. The present study examined whether potentially traumatic peer experience, such as forms of peer victimization (relational and overt), influences the longitudinal association between forms of aggression (relational and overt) and social-psychological adjustment problems (internalizing and externalizing) among Japanese adolescents. Gender differences in the mediation of peer victimization were also examined. Two hundred and eighty-one Japanese students from nine classrooms and two public middle schools participated in this study (Time 1 M age = 12.72, SD = .45, 50% female). Data included three time points one year apart (Grades 7, 8, and 9). Results of structural equation modeling indicated that higher relational aggression in Grade 7 was associated with more internalizing and externalizing problems in Grade 9. Notably, relational aggression was associated with internalizing problems, but not with externalizing problems, through relational victimization for both boys and girls. Overt aggression in Grade 7 was significantly associated with externalizing problems in Grade 9, but overt victimization did not mediate this association. On the other hand, overt aggression did not predict internalizing problems in Grade 9, but the indirect effect of overt victimization was found in this association. The findings inform us of the need to intervene with at-risk youth, regardless of gender, who use relational aggression, experience potentially traumatic relational victimization, and subsequently exhibit high levels of mental health and behavioral problems in Japan.
The present study examined the long-term, transactional associations between school bonding and delinquency among Japanese adolescents. Two hundred seventy-one students were recruited in seventh grade (Time 1; M age = 12.72, SD = 0.45, 50
