The Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor is a general hospital managed under a public–private partnership model, located at the neighborhood of Santa Eugenia, in Madrid, Spain. It is part of the network of hospitals of the Servicio Madrileño de Salud (SERMAS).It is one of the healthcare institutions associated to the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) for the purpose of clinical internship.
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with its asymptomatic progression highlighting the urgent need for early, minimally invasive biomarkers. Exosomes derived from the aqueous humor (AH) have emerged as promising candidates, as they carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that reflect the physiological and pathological state of ocular tissues such as the trabecular meshwork and ciliary body. However, their low abundance, nanoscale size, and the limited volume of AH complicate detection and characterization. Conventional methods, including Western blotting, PCR or mass spectrometry, are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and often incompatible with microliter-scale samples. Electrochemical biosensors offer a highly sensitive, rapid, and low-volume alternative, enabling the detection of exosomal surface markers and internal cargos such as microRNAs, proteins, and lipids. Recent advances in nanomaterial-enhanced electrodes, microfluidic integration, enzyme- and nanozyme-mediated signal amplification, and ratiometric detection strategies have significantly improved sensitivity, selectivity, and multiplexing capabilities. While most studies focus on blood or serum, these platforms hold great potential for AH-derived exosome analysis, supporting early-stage glaucoma diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and evaluation of therapeutic responses. Continued development of miniaturized, point-of-care electrochemical biosensors could facilitate clinically viable, noninvasive exosome-based diagnostics for glaucoma.
This article presents a Delphi consensus developed by a panel of editors-in-chief of anaesthesiology and pain medicine journals to guide the responsible use of large language models (LLMs) in academic publishing. LLMs offer potential benefits for scientific writing, including language editing, summarisation, translation, information organisation, and support for non-native English speakers, but their misuse raises concerns about accuracy, transparency, confidentiality, and research integrity. Through a three-round modified Delphi process involving 53 editors-in-chief or their delegates, 59 statements were generated and categorised into guidance for authors, editors, reviewers, and publishers with a particular attention to LLM disclosure practices and perceived risks. The consensus recognises that LLMs are useful tools in academic publishing for authors, reviewers, and editors. However, their use must be guided by ethics, legality, and principles of transparency and accountability. LLMs may assist with limited editorial and authorial tasks provided that their use is fully disclosed and all outputs are verified by humans. The consensus also emphasises the inappropriateness of using LLMs to generate original or ideative content, which should remain a strictly human responsibility. Moreover, LLMs must not generate data, references, conclusions, or entire manuscripts, nor be used for editorial decisions or peer-review reports. Editors expressed concerns about 'hallucinations', erosion of critical skills, confidentiality breaches, and the proliferation of low-quality LLM-generated manuscripts. The resulting guidance highlights transparency, human accountability, and careful verification as essential principles for integrating LLMs into scholarly workflows while preserving the integrity of scientific publishing.
Psoriasis and obesity often occur together, with up to 50
BACKGROUND:Dual antiretroviral therapy (ART) with dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) is widely used in virologically suppressed individuals. However, data remain limited on potential differential effects of ART regimens on mid-term systemic inflammation and metabolic health. We evaluated whether switching from DTG/3TC to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) modifies systemic inflammation or metabolic parameters. METHODS:INSTINCT was a phase IV, multicenter, open-label, randomized trial enrolling adults with HIV-1 on stable DTG/3TC and sustained viral suppression. Participants were randomized (1:1) to continue DTG/3TC or switch to BIC/FTC/TAF and followed for 96 weeks. Plasma biomarkers (sCD14, IL-6, sCD163, hsCRP, D-dimer, and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio) were measured at baseline, week 48, and week 96. Secondary outcomes included CD4⁺ and CD4/CD8 ratio, virological suppression, weight, lipid profile, and renal function. Longitudinal changes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS:A total of 141 participants were randomized. Over 96 weeks, no significant between-group differences were observed in inflammatory biomarkers. CD4⁺ T-cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratio remained stable and comparable across arms. Weight changes were modest and similar; the proportion with ≥5% weight gain did not differ. No relevant differences were found in lipids, glucose, or eGFR. Virological suppression was maintained in >95% of participants. Adverse events were mild and balanced between groups. CONCLUSIONS:In virologically suppressed individuals, maintaining DTG/3TC or switching to BIC/FTC/TAF demonstrated equivalent profiles with respect to systemic inflammation, metabolic outcomes, and immunologic markers over 96 weeks.
Infections are the most common adverse events associated with systemic treatment for psoriasis. Using data from the BIOBADADERM registry, we analyzed incidence rates of overall, serious, and special-interest infections associated with biologics and oral small molecules. Adjusted incidence rate ratios were calculated using propensity score analysis, with adalimumab as the comparator. The study included 4820 patients (8826 treatment cycles; 20,829 patient years of follow-up). The overall incidence of serious infections was low across all treatments (5.33%), with infliximab showing the highest incidence rate. The most frequent serious infections were pneumonia, followed by COVID-19 pneumonia and cellulitis. Among nonserious infections, respiratory tract infections were most common, followed by COVID-19 and urinary tract infections. Risankizumab and ustekinumab were associated with significantly lower risk of overall infections than adalimumab (P < .002). The risk of Candida infections was significantly higher with bimekizumab, brodalumab, secukinumab, and ixekizumab. Guselkumab, secukinumab, ixekizumab, and ustekinumab were linked to reduced incidence of respiratory infections. Ixekizumab was associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 infection, whereas dimethyl fumarate showed an increased risk compared with adalimumab. Overall, our findings support the favorable safety profile of biologics and small molecules in psoriasis, particularly regarding serious infections.
