In the early stages of rumor dissemination, accurately locating the source of transmission is crucial for the management and control of information flow. However, the inherent uncertainty in information dissemination complicates precise source localization. Although incorporating transmission direction can alleviate some of this uncertainty, thereby facilitating source localization, traditional methods still depend on the often inaccurate informed timestamps of observed nodes. To address this limitation, this paper develops a method to infer all rumor sources using a single snapshot of observed nodes at a specific time and the direction of transmission toward these nodes, without requiring prior knowledge of the informed timestamps. First, we conduct a theoretical analysis demonstrating how the network structure can be pruned based on the status and transmission direction of the observers. Subsequently, we propose the Reduce Candidate Source algorithm, which operates within the pruned subgraph to identify the node with the minimum sum of shortest paths to the informed observers as the potential source of propagation. Additionally, we propose the Reduce Candidate Source by Deleting All algorithm for propagation models characterized by high certainty, retaining only the informed observers and those nodes indicating the transmission direction to further narrow the candidate source range. Finally, extensive experiments confirm that our two proposed methods align with the theoretical analysis, effectively identifying the sources of rumor dissemination in the early stages, even under conditions where the propagation model and informed are unknown.
This research examines the effectiveness of a two-round online peer review approach in promoting deep learning among vocational students of English as a Second Language (ESL). The research adopts quantitative analysis of the two-round online peer review with the help of cognitive networks and lag sequence analysis. The intervention will involve students submitting their written assignments online, which will then be distributed among their peers for review and feedback. In the first round, students will provide constructive feedback based on predetermined criteria. In the second round, students will revise their initial drafts based on the feedback received and submit the revised versions for a second round of peer review. It is hypothesized that the two-round online peer review approach will lead to significant improvements in students’ language proficiency, critical thinking skills, and collaborative learning. The findings of this research can provide valuable insights for educators and curriculum designers in vocational ESL programs, highlighting the benefits of incorporating online peer review as a pedagogical strategy.
Near-infrared (NIR) blocking ophthalmic lenses are commercially available, but data supporting their properties and performance are difficult to find. This study aims to provide objective data through clinical results of NIR blocking ophthalmic lenses and to verify color reproducibility and thermal properties and performance according to the influence of NIR for practical use. Near-infrared blocking spectacle lenses (NIBSL) (polymerized, coated) and other types of spectacle lenses (clear, tinted) were manufactured and classified into 0, 2, and 3 grades (10 types) of luminous transmittance. The near-infrared environment was configured and the color reproducibility evaluation factors, such as sharpness (MTF50), chromatic aberration (CA), and color accuracy (△E), were compared in an outdoor environment (1000 lux). The thermal properties were analyzed by observing the temperature changes on the surface of the spectacle lens and pig skin in real time in environments of 36℃ and 60℃. NIBSL showed no difference in object discrimination and color recognition compared to other types of spectacle lenses. In terms of thermal characteristics, NIBSL showed a smaller increase in lens surface temperature, and the pig skin temperature was maintained lower, showing excellent insulation performance. These results suggest that NIBSL can be used in everyday life without problems in visual ability and color reproducibility, and may be useful in protecting eyes from the thermal hazards of near-infrared light. In addition, we presented a new research method that improves the accuracy and reliability of optical functional spectacle lenses in the near-infrared region (harmful to humans).
Natural transluminal specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) is used to treat rectal cancer (RC). However, under the payment system of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), the application of double purse-string anastomosis (DPSA) in RC laparoscopic NOSES is unclear. This work compared the clinical efficacy and prognosis between DPSA and single purse-string anastomosis (SPSA) in RC laparoscopic NOSES. A retrospective analysis of 36 patients with RC laparoscopic radical resection at Zhejiang Jinhua Guangfu Tumor Hospital was conducted. Patients were clustered into the DPSA group (15 cases) and the SPSA group (21 cases) and were evaluated in terms of baseline characteristics, perioperative indicators, surgical complications, postoperative recovery, hospitalization costs, and prognosis. A significant difference was observed in gender between the two groups (P = 0.028). In terms of perioperative indicators, compared with the SPSA group, the anastomosis and reconstruction time in the DPSA group significantly increased (55.20 min vs. 39.52 min, P = 0.006), with a significant decrease in the intraoperative bleeding volume (30 mL vs. 100 mL, P = 0.006) and the lymph node harvest (13.14 vs. 18.57, P = 0.049). We detected no significant difference in surgical complications or postoperative recovery between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the SPSA group, the total hospital days (18.40 days vs. 20.67 days) and hospitalization costs (CNY 43,127.26 vs. CNY 46,855.49) in the DPSA group dropped by 10.98
