Controlling magnetic order on ultrafast timescales, driven by spintronic and recording applications, is one of the main directions of current research in magnetism. Despite major advances in understanding the temporal evolution of magnetic order upon its emergence or quenching, experimental demonstration of the local link between microstructure and dynamic nucleation is missing. Here, taking advantage of the high structural and magnetic resolution of in situ transmission electron microscopy, we observe that cumulative laser irradiation significantly alters the nucleation pathway of the first-order antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition of FeRh thin films, causing the transition to switch from homogeneous to heterogeneous nucleation. This leads to a decrease of 20 K in transition temperature and the emergence of submicron magnetic vortices as preferential nucleation motifs. These vortices are pinned in the film by underlying dislocation networks. We observe that the dislocation networks are formed and rearranged upon repeated crossing of the phase transition using both femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses. Our results establish a direct link between defect formation and the microscopic morphology of the nucleated ferromagnetic phase, with broad implications for ultrafast stroboscopic experiments and defect-mediated phase transitions in functional materials.
Introduction Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disorder characterized by unpredictable swelling attacks. Social determinants of health may impact patient care. Methods US patients from Inovalon’s closed claims database with ≥2 medical claims (D84.1 complement system or T783XXX angioedema) and ≥1 prescription for HAE medication between 1/1/2017–9/30/2021 were screened (first claim defined as index date). Patients with evidence of ACE inhibitor use after HAE diagnosis were excluded. Eligible patients had 12 months continuous enrollment in a health-plan pre- and 24 months post-index. Race/ethnicity, income, and rurality were analyzed to understand differences in healthcare resource utilization across the population. Results In multivariable models, Black and Hispanic/Latino patients had a greater risk of ≥1 emergency department (ED) visit than White patients (risk ratio [RR; 95% CI]: 1.29 [1.19–1.40] and 1.22 [1.10–1.36], respectively). Black patients also had a greater risk of hospitalization than White patients (RR [95% CI]: 1.69 [1.28–2.24]). Low-income (<$50K) patients had a higher risk of having ≥1 ED visit or hospitalization than patients with higher incomes (≥$50K; RR [95% CI]: 1.31 [1.21–1.41] and 1.31 [1.03–1.67], respectively). However, rural patients had a lower risk of hospitalization than urban/suburban patients (RR [95% CI]: 0.63 [0.40–0.99]) with a higher mean number of prophylaxis medication fills than urban/suburban patients (RR [95% CI]: 2.0 [1.10–3.66]; no differences by race/ethnicity or income). Conclusion Differences in healthcare resource utilization occur among patients with HAE associated with race/ethnicity, income, and rurality. Strategies to improve equity in care are needed.
Rowing technique to achieve optimal boat velocity depends on individual rowing style. Traditionally, quantification of rowing technique has involved discrete point analysis, limiting the understanding and interpretation of the stroke cycle with data loss occurring between the reported metrics. However, higher dimensional statistical approaches, such as functional data analysis (FDA), can facilitate enhanced understandings of temporal patterns within time series data such as force and acceleration profiles. The aim of the study was to distinguish technique characteristics during single sculling using a novel functional clustering method considering the whole stroke cycle for analysis. Twenty-five elite rowers (12 females, 25 ± 2.5 years and 13 males, 27 ± 2.8 years) completed an on-water single sculling biomechanics assessment. Gate force, foot-stretcher force and boat acceleration were independently fitted with a clustering model, with separate models created for each gender. Boat acceleration exhibited the most variability of the three independent variables in cluster group patterns and individual rowers. Results revealed more than one approach to achieving optimal boat velocity at the elite level and technical coaching strategies should be based on the individual rather than attempting to replicate successful elite rowers' technique who may exhibit a different set of physical and technical attributes.
