Magadh University is a public university and institution of higher education in Bihar, India. It is recognised by the University Grants Commission (UGC).The university is governed by the Bihar State University Act 1976.It provides facilities for higher learning and research in the faculties of science, social sciences, humanities and commerce. With 19 constituent colleges, 22 PG departments and 39 affiliated colleges, Magadh University is the largest university in Bihar.After years of discussion and thought, Magadh University was finally split in 2018 and another university i.e. Pataliputra University came into being which covered under its jurisdiction all colleges located within the geographic area of Patna and Nalanda district that were earlier under Magadh University.Due to division of the university and other associated issues examination of the university were delayed. For this, MULEA CAMPAIGN was launched.
The quest for a common origin of neutrino mass and baryogenesis is one of the long-standing goals in particle physics. A minimal gauge extension of the Standard Model by U(1)B-L symmetry provides a unique scenario to explain the tiny mass of neutrinos as well as the observed baryon asymmetry, both by virtue of three right-handed neutrinos (RHNs). Additionally, the U(1)B-L breaking scalar that generates mass of the RHNs can produce a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) via cosmological firstorder phase transition. In this work, we systematically investigate TeV-scale leptogenesis considering flavor effects that are crucial in the low-temperature regime. We also explore all possible RHN production channels, which can have significant impact on the abundance of RHNs, depending on the value of the U(1)B-L gauge coupling. We demonstrate that the strong dependence of the U(1)B-L gauge sector on the baryon asymmetry as well as SGWB production can be utilized to probe a region of the model parameter space. In particular, we find that a U(1)B-L gauge boson with mass 10 TeV and gauge coupling 0.1 can explain the observed baryon asymmetry and produces a detectable SGWB in future detectors as well. Importantly, this region falls beyond the reach of the current collider sensitivity.
The multifunctional cerium oxide/Ceria (CeO₂) that finds extensive use in energy, catalysis, optical, and biological applications because of its high oxygen storage capacity, defect-tolerant fluorite structure, and reversible Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ redox pair. Nevertheless, its instability under decreasing conditions and restricted ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures limit its wider use. The most successful method for improving functionality is doping with rare-earth (RE) elements like Sm, Gd, La, Nd, and Dy. This is done by adjusting lattice distortions and adding charge-compensating oxygen vacancies. The selection of the dopant has a significant impact on vacancy mobility, structural stability, and performance: La improves oxygen storage and catalytic activity, Nd and Dy allow band gap modulation, dielectric enhancements, and multifunctional behavior, while Gd and Sm maximize ionic conductivity in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) electrolytes. When it comes to dopant inclusion and defect chemistry, the synthesis method is crucial. Sol-gel, hydrothermal, and combustion procedures offer better uniformity than solid-state pathways, while new green syntheses offer sustainable substitutes. For the correlation between synthesis, defect structure, and functional attributes, structural and microstructural characterization employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, Scanning Electron Microscope / Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM/TEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is essential. Even with advancements, problems with dopant solubility, defect clustering, long-term stability, scalable manufacturing, and biocompatibility still exist. Prospects for the future include better in-situ characterisation to inform logical design, scalable green synthesis, interface engineering, and co-doping. Through a comparative framework, this review offers insights into how various RE dopants and synthesis approaches influence the structure–property–application nexus in ceria, paving the way for next-generation biological, environmental, and energy applications.
The developments in graphene-based nanomaterials as photocatalysts including fundamental reaction mechanisms, thermodynamics, kinetics as well as light-induced charge separation are used for CO 2 reduction.
We investigate the thermodynamics, photon sphere, and dynamical stability of an AdS Ay & oacute;n-Beato-Garc & iacute;a (ABG) massive black hole with graviton mass and magnetic charge. The Gibbs free energy exhibits distinct limiting behaviours: it reduces to that of an AdS massive black hole when magnetic charge vanishes, to that of an AdS ABG black hole when graviton mass is zero, and smoothly interpolates to the AdS massive Reissner-Nordstr & ouml;m case in the asymptotic regime. Furthermore, the photon sphere and shadow analysis indicate that increasing the graviton mass expands their radii, while increasing the magnetic charge causes contraction, in agreement with earlier studies of black hole spacetimes. Quasinormal mode (QNM) calculations further confirm dynamical stability, as the imaginary part remains negative, ensuring decay of perturbations. Additionally, the real part of the frequency decreases with graviton mass, while the imaginary part initially grows before saturating at higher values. Together, these results provide meaningful insights into the interplay between graviton mass, magnetic charge, and stability, thereby enriching the understanding of black holes in modified gravity theories.
This study investigates the thermodynamics of topological black hole solutions in R2 gravity, incorporating the effects of small statistical fluctuations up to first-order corrections. We precisely calculate entropy, internal energy, Helmholtz free energy, specific heat, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy, accounting for perturbative thermal corrections. Our results reveal that the internal energy of small black holes diverges asymptotically due to these fluctuations. The corrected Gibbs free energy attains asymptotically high values for small horizon radii. In contrast, the equilibrium Gibbs free energy approaches zero. Additionally, we assess the stability of the black hole in the presence of these thermal fluctuations. We find that, in contrast to the equilibrium state, the thermal fluctuation introduces a double phase transition to the stability of the black hole. Our analysis reveals that the influence of fluctuations is notably significant, primarily for small black holes. These findings offer new insights into the thermodynamic properties of topological black holes in the presence of thermal fluctuations.
