Marshall B. Ketchum University is a private university focused on graduate programs in healthcare and located in Fullerton, California. MBKU expanded from the Southern California College of Optometry which was founded in 1904. The university was officially established as a multidisciplinary university with the addition of School of PA Studies in 2011 and College of Pharmacy in 2013. Along with Hope International University, the campus bookends the north and south sides of the Cal State Fullerton campus respectively.The university's clinical and teaching facility is known as Ketchum Health. The facility provides patient care for optometry in the University Eye Center in Anaheim and Los Angeles. It also provides patient care in internal medicine and Family Medicine in Anaheim.Marshall B..
BACKGROUND:Drivers with homonymous visual field loss (HVFL) have complete loss of vision in one-quarter or one-half of the visual field on the same side of both eyes. Prior research investigating the effects of HVFL on driving has used self-reports, simulated driving or on-road tests in an unfamiliar vehicle. Here, for the first time, we use naturalistic driving to examine driving patterns and safety of HVFL compared to normal vision (NV) drivers in their daily driving. METHODS:Using recording devices mounted in participants' own vehicles, we monitored 16 HVFL and 16 age-matched NV drivers continuously over 1-6 months in three U.S. regions. GPS data quantified weekly driving exposure (mileage, time, and driving days), avoidance behaviors (highway, long-distance, nighttime driving), safety-related events (hard braking, acceleration, speeding), route familiarity, and time-of-day driving patterns. Self-reported exposure and avoidance were collected at baseline. RESULTS:HVFL drivers showed qualitatively reduced driving exposure but similar frequencies of safety-related events and similarly high proportions of familiar road use compared to NV drivers. HVFL drivers showed a temporal shift toward earlier driving hours, reducing late afternoon and evening driving under low-light conditions. Notably, the HVFL group showed significant discrepancies between self-reported and objectively measured mileage and avoidance behaviors such as nighttime or highway driving. CONCLUSIONS:Despite their visual impairment, HVFL drivers exhibited real-world driving behavior comparable to NV drivers for hard braking, acceleration and speeding, extending previous road-test findings. The observed mismatch between self-reports and objective driving metrics underscores the value of naturalistic observation and the necessity for multi-method assessment frameworks in driving evaluations.
Background/Objectives: To investigate whether chronic cosmetics use near or directly on the eyelid margin contributes to tear film instability and meibomian gland dysfunction. Methods: Subjects were enrolled in one of three groups: those who rarely wear makeup (No-M), those who wear it frequently but only outside the eyelid margin (Min-M), and those who wear it frequently and directly on the eyelid margin (W-M). Subjects were assessed for dry eye signs and symptoms by a masked examiner. Lipid layer thickness (LLT), tear meniscus height, meibomian gland excreta grade, number of glands secreting, corneal and conjunctival staining and tear breakup time were assessed. Results: 10 No-M, 18 Min-M, and 21 W-M subjects completed the study. Average fluorescein breakup time was 4.6 s in each group (p = 0.839, 1-way ANOVA). There were higher scores (worse findings) in the marginal eyeliner sample for symptoms (modified Schein, OSDI, SPEED), Oxford and total NEI staining and lower lid meibomian secretions. The W-M group demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the meibomian gland excreta grade (a worsening) compared to the No-M group (mean grades 1.2 and 0.55 respectively; Tukey test, adjusted p < 0.05, 95% CI 0.055-1.187). LLT, tear breakup time, eyelid marginal signs, and meibomian gland dropout had no differences among groups. Conclusions: Eyeliner wear both outside and on the eyelid margin demonstrated increased ocular staining and decreased gland excretion quality, compared to non-makeup users. The meibomian gland excreta decrement may lead to worsening meibomian gland function and potentially glandular atrophy over time.
Gadolinium nanoparticles (GdNPs) have gained increasing attention as multifunctional metal-based nanoplatforms that extend far beyond their traditional use as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Their specific magnetic properties, tunable physicochemical features, and tunable biocompatibilities with biocompatible coatings give them great potential as drug delivery and theranostic applications. They offer greater stability, lower systemic toxicity, and more surface modification options compared to molecular gadolinium chelates. The functionalized GdNPs not only show excellent properties as drug carriers for their specific indications but also serve as agents in various imaging modalities with superior therapeutic efficacy by means of radio sensitization and magnetically assisted delivery. Note too that GdNP-based formulations have demonstrated synergistic activity when administered with chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin. GdNPs have demonstrated promising preclinical outcomes, and their clinical translation remains restricted due to a number of scale-up constraints, long-term safety challenges, pharmacokinetics, and regulatory problems. This review provides information on the use of GdNPs, their key physicochemical and magnetic properties, ligand engineering for targeted delivery, and biological mechanisms of their theranostic performance.
Iron-based nanoparticles, particularly iron oxide nanostructures (IONPs), have emerged as versatile and clinically relevant platforms for drug delivery and theranostic applications. Among these, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), including magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), are the most extensively investigated due to their biocompatibility, magnetic responsiveness, and established safety profiles. Their unique superparamagnetic behavior enables external magnetic-field-guided targeting, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement, and magnetically triggered hyperthermia, enabling simultaneous diagnosis and therapy. Surface functionalization with polymers, silica, lipids, peptides, and biomolecules further improves colloidal stability, circulation time, targeting specificity, and controlled drug release. Core-shell architectures and multifunctional hybrid systems have expanded the therapeutic scope of iron nanoparticles, integrating chemotherapy, gene delivery, photothermal therapy, and Fenton reaction-mediated catalytic therapy. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, challenges remain regarding long-term biosafety, oxidative stress induction, biodistribution, large-scale reproducibility, and regulatory translation. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties, synthesis strategies, surface-engineering approaches, drug-loading mechanisms, and biomedical applications of iron-based nanoparticles, highlighting recent advances in multifunctional and peptide-functionalized systems. Critical considerations for clinical translation and future perspectives in precision nanomedicine are also discussed.
