Maryville College is a private liberal arts college in Maryville, Tennessee. It was founded in 1819 by Presbyterian minister Isaac L. Anderson for the purpose of furthering education and enlightenment into the West. The college is one of the 50 oldest colleges in the United States and the 12th-oldest institution in the South. It is associated with the Presbyterian Church (USA) and enrolls about 1,100 students. Maryville College's nickname is the Scots. The sports teams compete in NCAA Division III athletics in the USA South Athletic Conference.
Anxiety and stress-related disorders affect over 280 million individuals worldwide and remain inadequately treated by current pharmacotherapies, which are often limited in efficacy and tolerability. Ketamine produces rapid therapeutic effects in mood and anxiety disorders, but its clinical use is constrained by dissociative side effects and abuse liability. Ketamine metabolites, particularly (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (RANK) and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine (SHANK), may retain therapeutic benefits while minimizing adverse effects, but their behavioral and stress-dependent actions remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we used zebrafish to examine stereospecific behavioral effects of hydroxynorketamine isomers under baseline and hydrocortisone-induced stress conditions. Behavior was assessed using the novel tank diving test alongside measures of locomotor activity and erratic movement. Under baseline conditions, RANK produced a robust anxiolytic-like profile, characterized by reduced bottom-dwelling and decreased erratic movements, whereas SHANK increased anxiety-like behavior, reflected by increased bottom-dwelling and prolonged latency to ascend. Hydrocortisone exposure induced a hyperarousal phenotype marked by increased locomotion and erratic movements without altering classical anxiety-like measures. Pretreatment with either RANK or SHANK attenuated hydrocortisone-induced hyperarousal, restoring behavior toward control levels; however, only RANK produced consistent anxiolytic-like effects across conditions. These findings demonstrate stereospecific and context-dependent behavioral effects of hydroxynorketamine isomers and highlight their differential modulation of baseline anxiety-like behavior and stress-induced hyperarousal.
The image of the owl in the Bible is very much like actual owls: elusive, silent, and usually obscured from easy sight. Their presence is rarely noted in commentary literature. Even the very terms which modern scholars believe refer to owls are subject to debate and uncertainty. Owls (allegedly) appear in three contexts in the Bible: the food regulations in the Torah (Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14), once in Psalms (Psalm 102:7), and in prophetic oracles against the nations (Isaiah 13 and 34; Zephaniah 2). After considering these passages, we will explore what can be known regarding the 'cultural symbolism' of owls in the context of the biblical world and highlight which emotions and associations owls might have evoked in the ancient world. Finally, we will consider the long history of human-owl interactions and explore insights from fields associated with Critical Animal Studies in order to provide a deeper understanding of biblical texts.
The presentation of depression symptoms in concussed youth athletes is not well understood. We examined the PHQ-A factor structure in concussed youth athletes. Five hundred and ninety-five youth athletes completed the PHQ-A and PCSS within 30 days of sport-related concussion. Factor analyses of the PHQ-A alone revealed a two-factor structure: cognitive-energy/sleep and emotional symptoms. When combined, only two PCSS items ("sadness," "more emotional") overlapped with PHQ-A symptoms. Over half (51.1%) of youth athletes endorsed symptoms consistent with mild-to-severe depression; athletes with preexisting anxiety or depression had a 1.6-3.2x greater likelihood of meeting depression criteria. The PHQ-A provides unique clinical information beyond standard post-concussion assessments.
