Cancer is a leading global cause of death, and traditional chemotherapy is plagued by severe side effects, making the development of high-efficacy and low-toxicity antitumor agents an urgent need. Saponins, natural bioactive compounds, exhibit prominent antitumor potential. This review systematically retrieved relevant literature from 2015 to 2025 via Web of Science, PubMed and other databases, summarizing the antitumor effects and mechanisms of saponins, their synergistic value in combination with chemotherapy, as well as existing saponin-based drugs, translational challenges and corresponding solutions. Saponin monomers exert distinct antitumor efficacy, and their rational combination with chemotherapy yields notable advantages. Structural modification and dosage form optimization can effectively mitigate the inherent limitations of saponins. In conclusion, natural saponins hold great translational potential for antitumor therapy, and combination regimens represent a promising research focus in oncology treatment.
Against the backdrop of coordinated advancement in new urbanization and rural revitalization strategies, the integration of urban and rural areas serves as a core approach to dismantling the urban-rural dichotomy and driving high-quality regional development. The enabling effects of its policy implementation on regional sustainable development have garnered significant attention. As pivotal conduits where urban and rural elements converge, peri-urban fringe zones have emerged as the primary arena for policy implementation and impact realization. Using panel data from 268 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2015 to 2024 as the sample, this study treats the establishment of urban-rural integration pilot zones as a quasi-natural experiment. Employing a multi-period Difference-in-Differences model, instrumental variables method, and spatial econometric model, it systematically investigates the impact effects, operational mechanisms, heterogeneous characteristics, and spatial spillover effects of urban-rural integration policies on regional sustainable development. Findings reveal that urban-rural integration policies significantly promote regional sustainable development. This conclusion remains robust after endogeneity treatment and stability tests, with policies demonstrating stronger enabling effects on ecological sustainability than on economic and social sustainability, forming a development pattern characterized by "ecological priority and multidimensional coordination". Policies achieve synergistic enhancement of regional economic, ecological, and social sustainability through three pathways: optimizing urban-rural factor allocation, establishing ecological co-governance systems, and advancing equitable public services. Policy effects exhibit significant heterogeneity: the stronger the urban baseline conditions, the more pronounced the policy's enabling effect, while excessive population concentration exerts a marginal negative impact on ecological sustainability. Urban-rural integration policies generate a significant positive spatial spillover effect, accounting for 38.9% of the total effect. This spillover gradually diminishes with increasing distance within a 120 km radius, with geographic distance and administrative barriers serving as core constraints. This study provides empirical insights and practical pathways for optimizing urban-rural integration policy design and advancing regional sustainable development.
Although Artificial Intelligence (AI) can now produce exquisite artworks, evidence suggests that people hold biases against AI-generated art. Previous studies have primarily relied on self-report measures to examine the effects of creator labels and the actual source of artworks, with limited attention to viewers' visual processing (e.g., fixation duration, pupil size, etc.) during art perception. Through three studies, the present study extends this literature by integrating eye-tracking with self-reports to investigate how top-down processing and bottom-up processing influence aesthetic judgments among lay participants. The results showed that a preference for paintings labeled as human-created under conditions in which participants could not reliably distinguish the artworks' actual sources. Although the eye-tracking data indicated that artworks labeled as AI led to more dispersed gaze patterns, the overall results were mixed. These findings highlight the role of contextual and labeling information in aesthetic evaluations. Future research should promote transparency to reduce AI-label bias.
Paradoxical leader behavior (PLB) has attracted considerable interest in recent years. For decades, research has focused on the effect of PLB on behavioral objects such as subordinates, teams, or organization. Limited research investigated the impact of PLB on the actor itself such as leaders. Using The Hot/Cool Framework and Conservation of Resources theory, we examined the effect of PLB on leaders’ insomnia, as well as the mediating mechanism and boundary conditions. An experience sampling method and a multi-wave-multi-source research design were used. Results indicated that PLB heightened leaders’ cognitive stress and emotional dissonance, consequently resulting in leaders’ insomnia. Specifically, PLB exhibited a U-shaped mediating effect on leaders’ insomnia through cognitive stress, and exhibited a linear mediating effect on leaders’ insomnia through emotional dissonance. These relationships were moderated by team performance. The higher the team performance was, the less likely it was that PLB result in leaders’ cognitive stress.
While perceptions of teacher justice are known predictors of student’s motivation, the reciprocal nature of this relationship and the underlying mechanisms remain under-explored. Specifically, it is unclear how students’ grade motivation might influence their perceptions of teacher justice over time, and what role self-efficacy plays in this dynamic. This study employed a three-wave longitudinal design. A sample of 725 Chinese middle school students (M = 13.5 years, SD = 0.6; 62.5
