The Mongolian University of Life Sciences (Mongolian: Хөдөө аж ахуйн их сургууль, lit. University of Agriculture) is a national university of Mongolia, with the main branch situated in the capital of Ulaanbaatar. It lies in the southern part of the city in the Khoroo 11 district on the southern side of the Tuul River, just to the northwest of the Zaisan Memorial and the American School of Ulan Bator.It was formerly the veterinary faculty of the Mongolian State University and Higher School of Agriculture from 1958 but underwent structural reform in 1990 and 1993, with seven schools, four research institutes and three university branches in Orkhon Province, Dornod Province and Khovd Province since 2001. 7060 undergraduates and 1045 graduates were reported in 2008..
The present review has mainly focused on the mechanism of postmortem biochemical and metabolic changes as the key metabolic pathways that determine flavor formation. Flavor omics combines flavor fingerprinting with chemometrics. To better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in reactions between the volatiles or flavor precursors and how different metabolites may form via postmortem glycolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis which provide meat flavor. Post-mortem chiller and/or dry aging techniques lead to endogenous enzymes breaking down large molecular proteins, lipids, nucleotides, and carbohydrates into smaller fragments, resulting in flavor precursors, including small peptides, free amino acids, free sugars, nucleotides, and nucleotide-bound sugars that contribute to meat flavor. The flavor chemistry is very complex and depends on the interaction between volatile (aroma) and non-volatile (taste) compounds. Flavor analysis can vary from sensory-based approaches to methods using advanced analytical instrumentation. Several methods have been implemented to define flavor chemistry or meat flavoromics, with GC–MS and HPLC being employed to detect both volatile and nonvolatile compounds. The use of instrumental sensory devices such as e-noses, e-tongues, nuclear magnetic resonance, spectrometry, etc. has been growing. However, more research is needed in the direction of meat flavor omics.
Dermacentor nuttalli is a dominant tick species in northern China and adjacent regions, where it poses significant threats to public health and the livestock industry through the transmission of diverse zoonotic pathogens. Understanding its population genetic structure is crucial for elucidating dispersal patterns and informing control strategies. However, the lack of high-resolution molecular markers has hindered such investigations. This study aimed to develop microsatellite markers and use them to assess the genetic diversity and structure of D. nuttalli populations across northern China. Genome-wide microsatellite mining was conducted using the D. nuttalli reference genome. A total of 192 adult ticks were collected from five geographic locations in northern China. Genotyping was performed using 15 novel, highly polymorphic markers selected through a multi-step filtering process. Genetic diversity, population structure, molecular variance, gene flow and isolation by distance were investigated in population genetic analyses. The 15 selected markers exhibited high polymorphism, with a mean polymorphic information content of 0.66. Genetic diversity varied among populations, with the Hulunbuir population showing the highest diversity levels. Population structure analyses consistently revealed two primary genetic clusters: one comprising populations from Yan’an, Bayannur, Ulanqab and Hulunbuir, and another consisting solely of the Hohhot population. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 36.9
Food insecurity can persist in smallholder dairy systems despite livestock ownership. This study assessed the severity of household food insecurity among dairy farmers in rural East Java. It examined how socio-demographic characteristics, productive assets, income, institutional access, and social participation relate to levels of food insecurity. A cross-sectional survey of 100 dairy-farming households distinguished farmers who relied solely on dairy farming (n = 45) from those who combined dairy with additional non-dairy employment (n = 55). Household food insecurity was classified into four ordered levels, and determinants were analyzed using ordered logistic regression with odds ratios. Food insecurity affected a substantial share of households, with a clear shift toward food security among households with additional employment. In adjusted analysis, higher income and larger herd size were associated with lower odds of more severe food insecurity, while the absence of social-organization membership was associated with substantially higher odds. Several factors—including land ownership, credit access, household size, farming experience, and additional employment—were not significant after adjustment. Overall, the findings indicate that reducing food insecurity in smallholder dairy communities depends on improving stable net income, strengthening productive capacity, and enhancing inclusive social participation.
Oats are globally significant cereals that are appreciated for their nutritional composition and flavor profiles. However, the dynamic changes in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their associated biosynthetic genes during grain development remain poorly characterized. We hypothesized that the variation in oat flavor profiles was influenced by specific VOCs, which were synthesized via dedicated biosynthetic pathways and associated genes. To test this, GC-MS-based VOC profiling was performed during oat grain development in cultivar Neiyou 6, and the resulting semi-quantitative metabolomic data were integrated with a published transcriptomic dataset to identify candidate genes and pathways associated with aroma-related VOC accumulation. A total of 168 VOCs were identified, with terpenoids and esters as the dominant classes, accumulating predominantly during the Filling Stage. Based on database-derived odor descriptors, the identified VOCs were putatively associated with green, fruity, and sweet notes throughout grain development. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified monoterpenoid biosynthesis as a candidate pathway associated with aroma-related VOC accumulation; α-pinene oxide was identified as a representative differentially accumulated monoterpenoid. Integrated analysis of 113 differentially accumulated metabolites and 40,703 differentially expressed genes pinpointed four candidate cytochrome P450 genes (CYP1-4) that may relate to α-pinene oxide accumulation. WGCNA and correlation network analysis further indicated CYP2 and CYP3 as candidate genes associated with α-pinene oxide accumulation. These findings provide a descriptive and correlative foundation for understanding VOC dynamics during oat grain development and identify candidate targets for future functional studies aimed at improving oat flavor quality.
