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This review summarised and assessed the current evidence on the use of language-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) models for the screening of depressive disorders in adults. Most of the studies assessing the use of language-based AI models for the screening of depression were conducted in high-income countries, primarily in the US, and used heterogeneous datasets and populations, limiting generalizability. Most of the evidence was based on text data analysed using transformer models, followed by speech data through convolutional or recurrent neural networks (CNN and RNN models respectively). The evidence combining both modalities (text and speech) and models is limited. Considering the performance for the screening of depressive. disorders, the models tested achieved a performance comparable to standard instruments and cut-off scores, such as the 9-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) with a cut-off of 10 or higher. A better understanding of the performance of language-based AI models in real-world settings is required. However, the evidence identified shows that they can be a relevant resource for this screening of depressive disorders and, consequently, for preventing them and reduce their prevalence, burden, and impact at all levels.
The Prostate Cancer Radiological Estimation of Change in Sequential Evaluation (PRECISE) recommendations assess radiological change in serial MRI during active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer. PRECISE 1–2 indicates radiological regression, PRECISE 3 stability, and PRECISE 4–5 progression. Our aim was to test the PRECISE score as a predictive tool for disease progression in a multicentre international setting. This is a retrospective study in which we collected data from 22 international centres from December 2005 to July 2022, applying two entry criteria: (1) at least two scans (baseline and follow-up); (2) at least two biopsies (baseline and follow-up, the latter after the second scan). Local radiologists reported scans according to PRECISE. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) according to different biopsy thresholds and definitions of progression were calculated. A total of 1667 patients were included. Median follow-up was 4 years (IQR: 2.1–6.3). A total of 1248 (75
Traditionally anatomy curricula often separate dissections of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerve plexuses, limiting opportunities for students to appreciate the nervous system as an integrated whole. Viewing the CNS and somatic components together offers the potential to enhance conceptual understanding, spatial reasoning, and clinical correlation. This guide details a step-by-step approach for the en bloc removal of the entire CNS with its associated brachial (C5-T1) and lumbosacral (L1-S4) plexuses. The dissection utilizes standard laboratory tools and follows a logical progression through the limbs, vertebral column, pelvis, and skull. Emphasis is placed on preserving the continuity of neural structures and minimizing damage during bone removal and blunt dissection. The resulting specimen demonstrates the full anatomical continuity from the brain to the terminal branches of the major limb nerves, allowing direct visualization of central-peripheral relationships. This preparation reveals key neuroanatomical pathways within a single integrated structure, potentially providing important teaching and demonstration value for gross anatomy and neuroscience courses. Although this dissection offers substantial pedagogical opportunities, it is not feasible for routine student performance due to its technical complexity and approximately 50-hour time requirement. Prolonged manual dissection and use of bone cutters also pose ergonomic challenges. However, when developed by trained faculty, this specimen may act as a high-impact educational resource that supports advanced neuroanatomical understanding and curriculum integration across medical and graduate anatomy programs.
This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed in accordance with the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is an initiative of the Global Allergy and Asthma Excellence Network (GA(2)LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), with the participation of 210 delegates from 107 national and international societies, from 59 countries. The consensus conference was held on December 6th, 2024. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell-driven disease, defined by a rapid appearance of wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence of acute urticaria is estimated to be approximately 20%. Chronic urticaria, categorized as either chronic spontaneous urticaria or chronic inducible urticaria, is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school, however, novel therapies are available. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.
