. In this article, we consider the problem of approximating the solution of bilevel split variational inequality problem in real Hilbert spaces. The underlying operators in the lower level problem are quasimonotone and Lipschitz continuous. The proposed algorithm is a combination of the modified subgradient extragradient and modified Tseng's extragradient methods. Compared with the existing modified subgragadient extragradient methods for solving bilevel split variational inequality problem, our suggested method does not required computation of the projections onto two half-spaces, containing the feasibility sets. The step sizes employed in our algorithm do not need the prior knowledge of the norm of the bounded linear operator and the the Lipschitz constants of the underlying operators. We obtain the strong convergence results of the new method using some mild conditions on the control parameters. The proposed method involves double inertial terms which permits it to accelerate its convergence speed. To show the advantage and potential of our method over some existing methods, we present some numerical experiments. direction.
Particle shape irregularity governs grain-scale interactions that influence dune stability and surface mobility in aeolian environments, yet its effects remain poorly quantified in constitutive models. This study presents a micromechanical investigation into the constitutive behavior of aeolian dune sand (ADS) at the scale of representative volume element (RVE), with a specific focus on the fundamental role of particle irregularity. Through a series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations incorporating high-fidelity particle shapes, assemblies with varying overall regularity ( O_R ) indices are systematically analyzed under direct shear test conditions, with varying packing density and normal stresses. The results reveal that as O_R decreases, both the peak and critical state shear strength increase non-linearly, demonstrating a saturation effect at high particle shape irregularity. A novel asymptotic model, φ =B-A(O_R)^n , is proposed, which provides a superior fit than the traditional power-law models by capturing this physical limit and implying an upper-bound strength for the ADS. A corresponding enhancement in dilatancy is observed, governed by a stress-dilatancy relationship with a material constant of 0.61, specific to the morphology of ADS. Micro-structural analysis shows that the evolution of fabric anisotropy and the mechanical coordination number strongly correlate with the macroscopic stress-strain response, with more irregular particles developing a more stable and anisotropic load-bearing network. A key finding is the establishment of unified scaling laws where the particle regularity index directly governs the pressure-dependence of both the critical state void ratio and coordination number. This provides a cross-scale framework linking particle irregularity to the bulk constitutive behavior, offering a micromechanical basis for the development of enhanced constitutive models for granular materials in aeolian environments.
The persistent presence of amoxicillin (AMX), a β-lactam antibiotic, in aquatic environments poses risks to ecosystems and public health due to its role in antimicrobial resistance and toxicity. Conventional wastewater treatments are largely ineffective, prompting the use of advanced methods like photocatalysis and adsorption. Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based nanocomposites show great potential due to their high surface area, strong UV absorption, and dual capability for AMX degradation and adsorption. This review examines recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and application of ZnO nanocomposites for AMX removal. Techniques such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, chemical precipitation, microwave-assisted, and combustion are discussed, with sol-gel and hydrothermal offering better control over morphology and performance. ZnO composites have achieved up to 100
This study investigates electrode-dependent resistive switching in sodium alginate (SA)-based resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) devices and evaluates their thermal stability and aging effects. Four device architectures-Ag/SA/Al, Ag/SA/ITO, Ag/SA/Ag, and Ag/SA/Cu-were fabricated using a drop-casting method and characterized for electrical performance under varying conditions. Among these, the Ag/SA/Cu device exhibited better characteristics, including a low switching voltage (similar to 1.0 V), strong hysteresis, high ON/OFF ratio, and excellent endurance over 1000 cycles. Temperature-dependent analysis (25-95 degrees C) revealed stable switching behavior despite minor morphological changes and increased signal noise, confirming robustness under thermal stress. Mechanistic insights indicate that electrochemical metallization (ECM) driven by Cu2+ ion migration governs the switching process. These findings highlight the importance of electrode selection in optimizing biodegradable memory materials and underscore the potential of SA-based ReRAMs for sustainable, non-volatile memory applications in environments subject to thermal fluctuations.
Synthetic dyes are considered toxic pollutants and are therefore not easily removed by conventional water-treatment processes. This work focused on removal of Congo red (CR) dye utilizing a magnetite, zinc oxide and zeolite (Fe3O4@ZnO@Zeolite) composites synergetic effects. The Fe3O4@ZnO@Zeolite composite was synthesized by the sol–gel method. The physicochemical properties of the composite were characterized using numerous techniques including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM/EDS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). XRD confirmed the presence of a crystalline phase in the Fe3O4@ZnO@Zeolite composite material. The adsorption process at pH 5 showed high removal efficiency because Fe3O4@ZnO@Zeolite synergetic effect removed more than 90
