The year 2024 marked the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the J/ψ particle, which unveiled the charm quark and the charmonium spectrum, instigating the “November Revolution” in particle physics. This discovery catalyzed the development of quenched potential models, most notably the Cornell model, which provided a foundational quantitative description of the hadronic spectrum. However, the landscape of hadron spectroscopy has been profoundly transformed since the turn of the 21st century with the observation of numerous charmonium-like states, such as X(3872), which exhibit properties starkly at odds with quenched model predictions. These discrepancies, exemplified by the “X(3872) low-mass puzzle” and the “Y problem” associated with vector states like Y(4260), underscore the critical limitations of the quenched approximation and signal the necessity for a new theoretical paradigm. This review synthesizes recent advances in hadronic spectroscopy, arguing that the unquenched picture, which incorporates coupled-channel effects such as hadronic loops, is essential for a unified description of these new states and associated anomalies. We demonstrate how unquenched effects provide compelling solutions to long-standing puzzles in charmonium decays (e.g., the “ρπ puzzle” and anomalous dipion transitions), predict and explain the existence of exotic charged states like Zc(3900) and Zb(10610) via mechanisms such as Initial Single Pion Emission, and offer a framework for understanding interactions between charmonia and with nucleons. Furthermore, we emphasize the universality of unquenched effects, extending their application to bottomonium and light-flavor sectors. As experimental precision continues to improve, we advocate for the systematic development of unquenched hadronic spectroscopy, which heralds a new era of high-precision theoretical and experimental studies, moving decisively beyond the quenched approximation to achieve a more complete understanding of non-perturbative behavior of the strong interaction.
The better-than-average effect (BTAE), the tendency to evaluate oneself more favorably than the average other, has been linked to lower depressive symptoms. However, whether this association differs across evaluative domains remains unclear. This study investigated how BTAE in the moral and competence domains was associated with depressive symptoms. To further clarify these associations, we decomposed BTAE scores into self- and average-other evaluation components and examined their associations with depressive symptoms. A total of 285 adults rated themselves and the average person on moral and competence traits and reported depressive symptoms. Results showed that higher competence BTAE was associated with lower depressive symptoms, whereas moral BTAE was not, and these associations differed significantly. Component-level results suggested that depressive symptoms were associated more strongly with self-evaluation than with average-other evaluation in the competence domain. For morality, depressive symptoms were negatively associated with self-evaluation, but self- and average-other coefficients did not differ significantly. These findings indicate that BTAE is linked to depressive symptoms in a domain-specific manner. Competence BTAE may be more closely linked to depressive symptoms than moral BTAE, highlighting the need to distinguish evaluative domains when examining the psychological significance of BTAE.
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.), one of the world’s most important beverage crops, is highly nitrogen (N)‑dependent. Soil N availability is therefore critical for tea yield, quality, and associated health functions. However, how the return of litter from periodic pruning affects soil N availability in tea plantations remains elusive. Here, pruned litter with typically high N content (22.2 g kg−1) was incorporated into rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils in tea plantations. Gross N transformation rates were quantified using a 15N dilution technique when considering two soils differing in pH (acidic vs. neutral) with three incorporation rates of 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0% (w/w). Our results showed that both net rates of N mineralization and nitrification gradually decreased with increasing incorporation rate, indicating a temporary soil N limitation under litter return. Such a limitation was more pronounced in neutral soil than in acidic soil, regardless of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. The underlying mechanisms for this limitation differed between these two soils. This was mainly attributed to a stronger stimulation of both ammonium and nitrate immobilization than N mineralization in acidic soil, but a decreased nitrification coupled with increased both ammonium and nitrate immobilization in neutral soil. Overall, our study demonstrated that inputs of N-rich pruned litter resulted in a lower soil N availability than previously thought. We thus recommend the co-application of chemical N fertilizer with pruned litter return in tea plantations to alleviate plant-microbe N competition.
A set B of positive integers is defined as a Sidon set if all differences b−b′ are distinct, where b,b′∈B and b≠b′. By confirming a problem posed by Lev at CANT 2004, Cilleruelo and Nathanson (2008) [2] obtained a nice result as follows: for every Sidon set B and every function ω(x)→∞, there exists a set A of positive integers such that every positive integer can be uniquely expressed as a−a′, where a,a′∈A and A(x)≥B(x/3)−ω(x) for all sufficiently large x. In this paper, we improve the coefficient from 1/3 to 1/2, that is: for every Sidon set B and every positive function ω(x)→∞, there exists a set A of positive integers such that every positive integer can be uniquely expressed as a−a′, where a,a′∈A andB(x/2)−ω(x)≤A(x)≤B(x/2)+ω(x) for all x≥1.
The rapid penetration of electric vehicles (EVs), coupled with increasing demands on low-carbon development and mitigating the pressure on power grids, highlights the importance of integrating distributed photovoltaics with EV charging in cities. While there is still a lack of systematic planning of PV-powered charging at the urban scale, coupling future EV charging demand (EVCD) with urban-scale photovoltaic electricity generation (PVEG) remains challenging because both exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity. To tackle this challenge, we develop a framework that combines ML-based EVCD forecasting, high-resolution carpark PV potential assessment, and a dynamic scheduling algorithm for reallocating surplus PVEG among charging stations. The dynamic scheduling maximizes the use of local renewable energy and achieves a higher alignment between PVEG and EVCD. As a case study in Singapore, the developed model obtained high forecasting accuracy (R2 above 0.85), which could reliably identify future EV charging hotspots. It was also found that (i) PVEG in the vast majority of carparks is sufficient, at the annual aggregate level, to cover current and projected EVCD, and (ii) following dynamic dispatch, the overall matching rate between PVEG and EVCD reached 90.73 %, with most planning areas approaching full annual balance and only a few south-western districts remaining slightly below this level due to physical constraints. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating GIScience and solar-based charging coordination, offering practical insights for advancing low-carbon transport planning.
