The National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China (NDRC), formerly State Planning Commission and State Development Planning Commission, is a macroeconomic management agency under the State Council, which has broad administrative and planning control over the economy of Mainland China. It has reputation of being the "mini-state council".The candidate for the chairperson of the NDRC is nominated by the Premier of the People's Republic of China and approved by the National People's Congress. Since February 2017 the commission has been headed by He Lifeng.
In an increasingly globalized world, energy security is no longer solely determined by direct energy imports but also by complex, cross-border flows of embodied energy embedded within traded goods and services. This study investigates how these embodied energy transfers reshape national energy dependencies and risk exposures within global production networks. Using a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model based on GTAP 11 and IEA data, this study develops indicators of embodied energy import dependency and diversification, and introduces an innovative energy-risk mask method to identify the spatial sourcing tiers of energy risks embedded in international trade. Our findings show that while global embodied energy dependency has declined slightly since 2000, highly globalized economies such as Singapore and Luxembourg remain extremely reliant on external energy inputs. In addition, countries including Norway and China exhibit structurally concentrated embodied energy import sources, increasing their exposure to potential supply chain disruptions. Moreover, over 50% of global medium- and high-risk embodied energy is transmitted through long-distance trade, with large emerging economies like China and India heavily reliant on energy embedded in imports from geopolitically unstable regions. These risks are often obscured by conventional energy security metrics, which fail to capture the hidden dependencies of complex global supply chains. This study calls for the integration of embodied energy flow considerations into national energy strategies, emphasizing the need for diversified sourcing, upstream risk monitoring, and trade-energy policy coordination to enhance resilience in a geopolitically interconnected world.
Semantic change detection (SCD) aims to identify land cover changes between bi-temporal remote sensing images and plays a crucial role in applications, such as urban monitoring and disaster assessment. Most existing methods rely on a shared-weight encoder with a dedicated change extractor, which limits their ability to precisely localize changed regions and maintain intra-class semantic consistency. Although vision foundation models (VFMs) exhibit strong generalization ability, their potential for SCD remains largely underexplored. In this paper, we introduce ChangeVFM, a novel yet effective framework that unleashes the power of vision foundation models for semantic change detection in remote sensing images. This framework is supplemented by a spatiotemporal modeling module to capture fine-grained spatial details and a query-based feature injector that integrates VFM’s semantic priors with multi-scale spatiotemporal features. The feature injector ensures that the ChangeVFM excels in both maintaining semantic consistency and multi-scale information of bi-temporal images. Without bells and whistles, ChangeVFM achieves competitive performance on the HRSCD, SECOND, and Landsat-SCD. Comprehensive quantitative and qualitative experiments further validate the effectiveness of the introduced modules and the robustness of the proposed method.
With technological advancement and the deepening pursuit of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power have evolved from being supplementary into mainstays of the energy system, poised to serve as its very backbone. However, wind and solar energy sources are inherently intermittent, fluctuating, and stochastic. Therefore, how to transform these energy into controllable, flexible resources has emerged as a pressing scientific and engineering challenge. This study reviews the challenges confronting the high-level development and utilization of wind and solar renewables, sets forth pathways and key strategies for converting their intermittency, volatility, and randomness into flexibility, and offers concrete policy recommendations. The study proposes that, by adhering to the overarching approach of strengthening coordinated interaction among "source, grid, load, and storage," and by advancing renewable energy development alongside conventional power source retrofitting, enhancing the grid's capacity for resource allocation, improving precision monitoring and demand response of diversified loads, and establishing a hierarchical, diversified energy storage regulation system, the intrinsic characteristics of wind and solar energy can be fundamentally reshaped, enabling their high-level exploitation. The study further recommends refining relevant laws, regulations, and policy frameworks; optimizing support policies for distributed renewable energy; enhancing zero-carbon benefits from centralized renewable development; deepening power sector reforms; deploying grid infrastructure with moderate foresight; unlocking the potentials of various flexibility resources; continuously accelerating innovation in key renewable technologies; and strengthening policy coordination and oversight, so as to drive the high-quality development and utilization of wind and solar renewables and advance the goals of carbon peaking, carbon neutrality, and building an energy-strong nation.
At present,the construction of ecological is advancing steadily,and the mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products is being refined.However,river-lake type water conservancy scenic areas are confronted with such problems as the diversity of ecological product types,difficulties in value accounting,and unclear realization pathways.Taking the Quzhou Majinxi Water Conservancy Scenic Area as a case study,this paper constructs an ecological product inventory system for river-lake type water conservancy scenic areas,estimates the value of ecological products in the Quzhou Majinxi Water Conservancy Scenic Area from 2022 to 2023 and analyzes their structural characteristics and trends.On this basis,pathways for realizing the value of ecological products in river-lake type water conservancy scenic areas are explored.This paper finds that the total value of ecological products in the Quzhou Majinxi Water Conservancy Scenic Area exhibits an overall upward trend during 2022 to 2023.Regulation and cultural services constitute the dominant components of the value structure,reflecting the combined effects of enhanced aquatic ecosystem functions and the growing demand for water culture,leisure,and recreation.This study proposes major pathways for realizing the value of ecological products in river-lake type water conservancy scenic areas,including strengthening the foundation for ecological product accounting and monitoring,promoting the industrialization of ecological products,deepening the integration of water culture with cultural tourism to achieve value added,innovating market-oriented realization mechanisms,and establishing benefit-sharing and ecological feedback mechanisms.This paper suggests that the implementation of these pathways must strictly adhere to ecological protection thresholds,foster the coordinated development of"water conservancy+cultural tourism+technology",and form a virtuous cycle of"governance-protection-development-feedback".
Imbalanced fertilization not only affects yield but is a critical, yet overlooked, factor contributing to grain losses. This study utilizes microdata from 2541 farm households across 24 provinces in China to empirically analyze the nonlinear, threshold, and moderation effects, as well as the heterogeneity, of balanced fertilization (BF) on the combine harvesting loss rate of maize (CHLRM). Research findings demonstrate that the average CHLRM in China is 2.575%. The impact of BF on CHLRM is not linear; rather, it exhibits a significant and robust "U-shaped" nonlinear effect, which remains significant after addressing endogeneity. Marginal effect analysis indicates that the average marginal effects of BFI and BFI2 on CHLRM are-0.402 and 0.131, respectively. However, this Ushaped effect is contingent upon planting scale and agricultural income. The effect is significant for households with planting scale below 24.34 mu and agricultural income shares below 40%. Additional analysis reveals that the adoption of agricultural digital technology significantly amplifies BF's U-shaped loss-reduction effect. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the loss-reduction effect of BF is more stable in major grain-producing regions. However, this effect exhibits structural variation: BF demonstrates stronger loss reduction at high loss quantiles but becomes insignificant for farmers already at the lowest loss quantile (Q0.10). Therefore, policies should shift from singular fertilizer reduction targets to promoting precision balancing. This requires implementing tailored guidance: BFI technology should be prioritized for small-to-medium-scale and low-income farm households, while large scale and professional farmers should be supported in adopting capital substitution pathways such as advanced machinery.
