BACKGROUND:We conducted a multicenter test-negative study to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care, Europe, 2024/25. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Specimens were collected from patients with acute respiratory infection. All or a random sample of viruses were sequenced. VE was (1-odds ratio) × 100, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS:We included 7275 cases and 17,516 controls (weeks 40-2024-18-2025). The overall VE was 46% (95% CI: 40-52), lowest in adults ≥65 years at 28% (95% CI: 12-42). VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 30% (95% CI: 19-40); ranging 16-34% by age and vaccination target group. Most (88%) circulating clades were 5a.2a, distinct from the vaccine clade. VE was 28% (95% CI: 7-45) against 5a.2a (C.1.9), and 6% (95% CI: -62-45) against the vaccine-matched clade 5a.2a.1 (D). VE against influenza A(H3N2) was 38% (95% CI: 26-49); ranging 20-66% by age and target group. Circulating viruses belonged to the vaccine clade 2a.3a.1, with 88% subclade (J.2). VE against influenza B was 76% (95% CI: 69-81); ranging 70-80% by age and target group; all viruses belonged to the vaccine clade V1A.3a.2, with diverse subclades. CONCLUSIONS:Influenza vaccination protected approximately one in two vaccinated individuals against medically attended infection in primary care in Europe, 2024/25, varying by (sub)type and age.
Internet-of-X (IoX) environments, spanning IoT, IIoT, IoV, and IoMT, pose unique challenges for intrusion detection due to device/time shifts, rare attack patterns, and constrained edge resources. We propose SAGE-IDS, a graphcentric IDS that introduces a Structural Surprise Index (SSI) combining rarity, role entropy, diversity, and robust pruning, fused with flow features and calibrated using split-conformal prediction. Across four benchmarks: CIC-IoT-23, CIC-IoV-2024, CIC-APT-IIoT-2024, CIC-IoMT-2024, SAGE-IDS achieved Acc. 0.964-0.978, F1 0.963-0.977, ROC-AUC $\geq \mathbf{0. 9 8 6}$, Brier $\approx \mathbf{0. 0 1 0}$, and $\text{ECE} \leq 0.011$, while sustaining $<8 ~\text{ms}$ median latency at 500 QPS on 0.5 vCPU / 2 GB RAM edge nodes. These results demonstrate that SAGE-IDS delivers accurate, calibrated, and resource-efficient intrusion detection, thereby advancing robust, interpretable defenses for heterogeneous IoX domains.
Critical infrastructure systems—including energy grids, water supply networks, transportation systems, and healthcare facilities—are increasingly dependent on digital technologies, thereby expanding their exposure to cyber threats. This paper analyses the current cybersecurity landscape for critical infrastructure, with a focus on identifying key vulnerabilities such as legacy system limitations, inadequate security integration, and increased interconnectivity. To mitigate these risks, the study proposes strategic frameworks centred on Zero Trust Architecture and AI-driven threat detection to enable continuous monitoring and adaptive response. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of global best practices is presented to evaluate existing approaches and identify gaps in implementation. The paper also outlines future research directions aimed at enhancing system resilience, strengthening security frameworks, and supporting the reliable operation of essential services. Keywords—component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)
Schizophrenia is thought to arise from disrupted postnatal maturation of prefrontal circuits, but the developmental events linking early vulnerability to adult cortical dysfunction remain unclear. Here, we tested whether the primate medial pulvinar, a higher-order thalamic nucleus interconnected with prefrontal cortex, contributes to prefrontal maturation. Bilateral medial pulvinar lesions in neonatal marmosets altered adolescent prefrontal diffusion trajectories and produced adult working memory deficits, the latter of which did not follow comparable lesions in adulthood. Early-life lesioned animals showed reduced thalamocortical input to layer 3 parvalbumin interneurons, diminished prefrontal gamma power, reduced parvalbumin expression, and immature-like physiology in fast-spiking interneurons. These findings reveal a developmental window in which thalamic input shapes prefrontal inhibitory maturation, suggesting that some forms of cortical dysfunction in psychiatric disease originate not in the cortex itself, but in its thalamic inputs.
