National Taitung University

Oxide semiconductors have gained substantial interest for their low-temperature processability, allowing for their integration as functional add-on device layers for advanced monolithic 3D integrated circuits (ICs). However, reliability issues, particularly under thermal, environmental, and electrical stresses, remain critical issues and require immediate solutions. This study investigates the instability of ultrathin In2O3 transistors, revealing that threshold voltage (VT) drifts arise from interactions between surface-adsorbed oxygen and the In2O3 channels. We show that the oxygen in the ambient atmosphere attached to the In2O3 surface plays a crucial role in modulating In2O3 conductivity, thereby governing VT. External perturbations such as ultraviolet (UV)/X-ray illumination, thermal annealing, and bias stress could alter this interaction of surface oxygen with ultrathin In2O3, leading to a VT drift. Importantly, we propose a unified kinetic model that provides a generic physical description of VT instabilities induced by these commonly observed factors. By characterizing time-dependent VT instability, the model demonstrates that recovery dynamics exhibit identical behavior across all tested perturbations, indicating that the recovery process is independent of the initial stimulus. This study uncovers the surface oxygen as a critical factor affecting In2O3 transistor reliability, offering insights for designing oxide-based devices for advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices.

We develop a mechanism-aware framework that combines machine learning, quantum-inspired kinetics, and frequency-domain modeling to elucidate how Cu substitution affects charge transport in nanocrystalline CoCr2O4. ML-assisted TEM quantifies composition-dependent coarsening, while Raman and XRD reveal lattice contraction and local strain. Quantum-kernel PCA and Ising segmentation extract scan-rate-resolved signatures from CV data, exposing a doping-dependent capacitive-to-diffusive transition. R2-optimized GCD windows yield reproducible capacitances, and impedance spectroscopy identifies a non-monotonic charge-transfer resistance. These integrated methods clarify how Cu doping shifts transport from a disorder-dominated regime toward a connectivity-dominated one, and they provide a reproducible, quantum-hardware-compatible toolkit for linking lattice perturbations to emergent electrochemical dynamics in complex oxides.

This study investigated the acute effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and primary motor cortex (M1) on neuromuscular performance during a velocity-based back squat exercise. Fifteen recreationally trained men participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, completing three experimental conditions (SHAM, DLPFC, and M1 stimulation) consisting of 20 min of 2 mA a-tDCS followed by a squat protocol performed to a 15% velocity loss threshold. Total repetitions, repetitions per set, mean concentric velocity, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. No significant differences between stimulation conditions were observed for any outcome variable. However, two individuals showed reversed responses, consistent with previously reported inter-individual variability in response to tDCS. Given the high inter-individual variability in response to a-tDCS, we additionally performed a post hoc sensitivity analysis based on response direction relative to SHAM. This analysis indicated that a-tDCS over M1 and DLPFC resulted in a significantly greater total number of repetitions compared with SHAM, whereas repetitions per set, mean velocity, and RPE were not different between conditions. Accordingly, a systematic and individualized approach may be needed to address inter-individual variability in response to tDCS to optimize its effect on fatigue tolerance.

This article examines how Taiwan’s educational system supports struggling readers through a comprehensive, three-tiered literacy support model that bridges policy and classroom practice. Over three decades, Taiwan’s Ministry of Education has introduced a series of policy-driven initiatives to ensure all students achieve basic literacy competencies. Driven by a strong commitment to educational equity, these efforts have established a national policy framework and a multi-tiered support infrastructure spanning primary and lower secondary education (Grades 1–9). The national curriculum now integrates traditional literacy instruction with research-based reading strategies tailored to the unique challenges of Chinese orthography. A proactive emphasis on early identification and intervention within the three-tier support system provides an alternative to “wait-to-fail” remedial models. However, implementation challenges persist, including teacher shortages, excessive teacher workload, and limited literacy instruction training in teacher preparation, with the issue especially acute in remote regions, thereby potentially leading to a “the poor get poorer” patter, exacerbating disparities in reading outcomes. In response, educators and researchers have developed scalable solutions to strengthen service delivery—most notably through a research-informed remedial curriculum packaged with detailed lesson materials and teacher training. Quasi-experimental studies of this program, have demonstrated significant improvements in struggling students’ reading skills. By reducing teacher workload and providing ready-to-use resources, such supports enable evidence-based practices to be more easily adopted in classrooms. In sum, Taiwan’s experience provides insights into how policy, curriculum, and research can converge to address literacy challenges in complex sociocultural contexts.