The Open University of Tanzania (OUT) is a distance learning public university in Tanzania. It was established by an Act of Parliament No. 17 of 1992. It is a single mode institution offering certificate, diploma and degree courses through distance learning. Its headquarters is situated in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and conducts its operations through 30 Regional Centres and 70 Study Centres. The university has a capacity of approximately 70,000 students both local and international ones.It consists of:.
Malaria remains one of the most prominent vector-borne diseases; hence, it continues to pose a growing public health burden despite extensive control efforts. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the transmission dynamics of malaria are significantly influenced by human behavior and location, yet these factors remain less studied. Thus, this study proposes a non-linear, time-dependent optimal control model that accounts for high-risk and low-risk susceptible human groups shaped by these factors. The control interventions incorporated in the model include insecticide-treated nets, repellent lotion, anti-malaria drugs, and indoor residual spray. The Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle is employed to derive the optimality system, which is solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method and then simulated using Python version 3.0. Efficiency analysis indicates that the combined use of insecticide-treated nets and anti-malaria drugs results in the greatest reduction in infection rates. However, cost-effectiveness analysis reveals that, in resource-limited settings, anti-malaria drugs alone provide the most economical intervention strategy.
We analyse a decade of 6.7 GHz methanol monitoring data in G9.62 + 0.20E, confirming the known periodicities of p(1) = 241 . 3 +/- 2 . 3 d and p(2) = 52 . 5 +/- 0 . 3 d, and identifying three new cycles at p(3) = 127 . 0 +/- 1 . 6 d, p(4) = 163 . 9 +/- 2 . 9 d, and p(5) = 204 . 1 +/- 1 . 5 d. The 241.3-d and 204.1-d periods occur in multiple velocity channels, while the others are confined to single components. Despite their diverse morphologies and time-scales, all flares can be reproduced within a unified Maxwell-Bloch framework operating in the fast-transient superradiance regime, driven by narrow periodic pump excitations. Model fits yield consistent environmental parameters across periodicities (temperatures, collisional time-scales), pointing to broadly uniform physical conditions in the masing region. The discovery of new periodicities and their unified Maxwell-Bloch modelling provide a consistent picture of multiperiodic flaring in G9.62 + 0.20E and support superradiance as a general framework for flaring in maser-hosting regions.
Invasive weeds threaten biodiversity, agriculture, and livelihoods in East Africa, particularly Prosopis juliflora. Previous reviews inadequately synthesize mathematical modelling approaches and inconsistently evaluate control effectiveness. To synthesise mathematical models used to predict invasion dynamics and quantitatively assess the effectiveness of weed control strategies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed studies (2018–2025) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. 312 records screened, 67 studies met the inclusion criteria, requiring quantitative invasion models, clearly defined interventions, and measurable outcomes. Differential equation-based and spatially explicit models were most commonly applied. Integrated control strategies, especially biological mechanical combinations, achieved greater suppression, measured as proportional reduction in weed density and spread (mean effect size = 0.78, 95
Disasters can function as social disruptors, shifting the day-to-day relations of power in response to the crisis. In Tanzania, coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) was not nationally acknowledged as a disaster in the same ways as in neighbouring countries. Yet, in northern Tanzania, where much of the economy depends on tourism, it was a disaster. This article examines how Tanzanian tourism companies responded to the Covid-19 crisis through the interpretive lens of everyday humanitarianism. Through collaboration, qualitative interviews with stakeholders, and participant observation, we argue that businesspeople in tourism engaged in a locally grounded form of corporate helping that mitigated the crisis while avoiding direct political conflict. The actions of Tanzanian tourist companies involved navigating complex political dynamics around naming the crisis, negotiating relationships with foreigners, and distinguishing effective helping from aid dependency. Thus, understanding how these everyday humanitarians experience and negotiate the politics of helping challenges our preconceptions around business helping in crisis and expands our conceptualization of humanitarianism.
Purpose: This study evaluates the importance of Entrepreneurship Education for Adolescents in Secondary Schools in Tanzania to ascertain whether it should be a mandatory subject. The objectives are to identify the factors influencing entrepreneurship education for adolescents in secondary schools and to determine how educational policies, theories, and empirical studies address this topic. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: The study used a systematic literature review to evaluate the importance of Entrepreneurship Education for Adolescents in Secondary Schools in Tanzania. The articles were sourced from three databases: Scopus-indexed journals, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. The study selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Thus, the study identified a suitable sample of 55 studies. The extracted data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns, themes, and insights across the literature. Findings: The study shows that providing entrepreneurship education at the secondary school level is vital for equipping students with the skills and mindset necessary for entrepreneurial success in the modern economy. Moreover, the analysis shows that none of the studies included the term “teaching environment” in their titles. Research Limitation: Including specific empirical studies and policy documents may reflect the researchers' biases or preferences, which could influence the conclusions drawn. This selection bias might limit the diversity of perspectives, especially if only certain studies or policies are emphasised. Practical Implication: The study proposes the formulation or amendment of a policy mandating entrepreneurship education for all students in secondary schools in Tanzania and improving the teaching environment to ensure adequate entrepreneurship training equipment in all schools. Social Implication: The findings support the notion that making entrepreneurship education a mandatory subject can equip students with valuable skills, enhance their motivation and confidence, and prepare them for future entrepreneurial endeavours and career opportunities. Originality / Value: This study contributed to the knowledge base on how entrepreneurship education for adolescents in secondary schools in Tanzania should be prioritised.
