A 1% soln. of (COOH)(2) in 90% MeCOOH was added to a 90% MeCOOH soln. contg. Co and Mn ions at concns. of 500 and 300 ppm, resp., and impurities typical of the oxidn. of p-xylene to C6H4(COOH)2 (BzOH, HBr and Na ions) in amts. simulating the mother liquor compn. of a real industrial process. After mixing, the Co and Mn contents of the decanted liq. were detd. by AAS. Presence of impurities had no neg. impact on the ppt. formation. The presence of solid C6H4(COOH)(2) in the reaction mixt. had a pos. impact on the catalyst recovery process. Oxalates formed agglomerates on the surface of the solid C6H4(COOH)(2) which facilitated the sepn. of the ppt. from the mother liquor. The pptn. with (COOH)(2) is an efficient recovery method of spend Co(II) and Mn(II) homogeneous catalysts.
Crude oil processing associated with the impact on the environment. Refinery production processes are a source of emissions in virtually all environmental components. The article characterizes the sources of emissions by dividing them taking into account various criteria and escribes the regulatory and legal environment, addressing the problems of industrial emissions, taking into account current and forecast guidance at European and national level. Highlighted the various aspects related to the effects of legislation and its implementation, among which, indicated as the most important implementation costs in relation to the underlying operating costs.
Based on selected activities undertaken in the refinery and petrochemical complex with the projected capacity of 17 Mg crude oil annually with own energy system, the present study shows possible ways of bringing production installations into line with binding legal rules and European Union guidelines on environmental protection. Having adopted an integrated approach, we correlated some environmental protection undertakings with energy-related efficiency improvements affecting the whole plant. Our aim was to try to answer the following question - what consequences follow from the limitation of industrial emissions.
Petroleum refinery at Plock was characterized from controlling and management points of view. Petro-SIM program for simulation of refinery processes was described. A case study on modeling the crude oil distn. and use of the model for planning the prodn. was addnl. presented.
