Oulu University of Applied Sciences (Oamk) (in Finnish: Oulun ammattikorkeakoulu (Oamk)) is one of the largest universities of applied sciences in Finland with approximately 9,000 students, including around 240 international degree students. The number of incoming exchange students annually is approximately 280.
AIM:To communicate ethical concerns about recruiting internationally educated nurses (IENs) from outside the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) to the Nordic region. BACKGROUND:Nurse migration from low- and middle-income countries to the Nordics is increasing, and national and international organizations have raised ethical concerns about active recruitment. METHODS:This paper employed a reflective analysis using heuristic experience in a postmodern paradigm drawn from secondary sources and experiential knowledge from nonprofit work. FINDINGS:Key ethical issues include high costs from multiple service fees, IENs' limited understanding of contracts and working conditions, and deskilling after arrival, where nurses perform tasks below their competence. Even experienced registered nurses are often placed in practical nursing programs and first hired as care assistants. DISCUSSION:Existing laws on labor exploitation and trafficking alone are insufficient, covering the complex exploitation in transnational nurse recruitment. Without legal frameworks, international nurse recruiters can ignore the principles of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel CONCLUSION: States relying on international nurse recruitment should enact laws regulating recruitment actors and embed ethical guidelines in national legislation to protect IENs from exploitation. WHO member states must monitor international recruitment and ensure compliance with the WHO Global Code of Practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY:Nursing science perspectives and transnational migration governance must be integrated into policy-making and implementation to protect IENs, their colleagues, patients, and families, and to prepare nurse managers to handle ethical issues in international recruitment.
In nursing homes, function-focused care aims to support older people's functioning and activity by promoting participation in everyday life. Digital gaming is one potential tool within this approach, but little is known about its use in staff-led daily practice. This study aimed to describe staff's experiences of the benefits of digital gaming for older people's functioning and activity, as well as its suitability for nursing home settings. Eighteen staff members participated in semi-structured focus group interviews following a 3-month digital gaming intervention. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis. The study was reported according to Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. According to staff, digital gaming was perceived to support older people's functioning and activity through both short- and long-term benefits. Digital gaming was perceived as a useful tool for supporting function-focused activities and meaningful daily life. To maximise benefits, attention should be paid to organisational support and to staff competence in using technology to comprehensively support the functioning of older people.
Autonomous aerial systems are rapidly transforming how societies monitor environments, deliver services, and manage infrastructures. This introductory chapter situates the DroneAI volume within these accelerating technological and institutional shifts. As drones and UAVs expand into areas such as precision agriculture, environmental monitoring, logistics, and emergency response, they expose governance challenges that outpace traditional regulatory models and demand new forms of coordination, ethical oversight, and policy capacity. The chapter highlights how autonomous aerial systems act not only as technical tools but also as catalysts for broader societal change, influencing sustainability goals, rural connectivity, crisis management, and data-driven service provision. It outlines the volume’s four thematic sections—sustainable innovation and societal impact, swarm intelligence and autonomous coordination, regulatory frameworks and policy analysis, and drone logistics and infrastructure integration—showcasing research that spans engineering advances to policy analysis. Together, these contributions illustrate the multidimensional impact of autonomous aerial systems and their growing role in shaping future infrastructures, institutions, and modes of public service delivery.
OBJECTIVE:The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) has served as a foundation for a series of adapted measures designed to assess social media-related behavioral addictions. Despite widespread application of these instruments, a systematic evaluation of their psychometric properties is lacking. This review aimed to evaluate the measurement properties of the BFAS and its adaptations using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) methodology. METHOD:A systematic search was conducted to identify psychometric studies of the BFAS and its adapted versions, including the BFAS-18, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Bergen Mukbang Addiction Scale, Social Media Addiction during COVID-19 Pandemic scale, and Social Networks Addiction Scale-6 Symptoms. Eligible studies were assessed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist, and the quality of evidence was graded according to the COSMIN-Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. RESULTS:A total of 55 studies were included. The BFAS and BSMAS demonstrated strong evidence for structural validity, internal consistency, measurement invariance, and hypothesis testing, with high-quality evidence across multiple domains. The BFAS-18 and Bergen Mukbang Addiction Scale received more limited and inconsistent support, while the Social Media Addiction during COVID-19 Pandemic scale and Social Networks Addiction Scale-6 Symptoms remain underexplored with very low-quality evidence. Across all scales, evidence for content validity, reliability, measurement error, and responsiveness was sparse, highlighting important gaps. CONCLUSIONS:The BFAS and BSMAS currently represent the most robust instruments for assessing Facebook and social media addiction, respectively. However, additional research is required to strengthen evidence for other adaptations, particularly in relation to content validity, measurement error, and responsiveness, as well as to evaluate linguistic and cultural invariance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
