High-performance optical thermometers operating in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window hold great promise for biomedical applications due to their tissue penetration depth and minimal autofluorescence. However, developing reliable NIR-II thermometers with high sensitivity and robust performance across a wide temperature range remains a challenge. Herein, the luminescence properties and NIR-II ratiometric thermometric performance of Er3+, Ho3+, Yb3+ co-doped Bi4Ti3O12 (BTO) perovskite oxide were investigated. Upon 980 nm excitation, NIR-II emission from Er3+ at 1560 nm (4I13/2 → 4I15/2) and Ho3+ at 1200 nm (5I6 → 5I8) was achieved. A ratiometric thermometer was constructed using the temperature-dependent intensity ratio, IEr/IHo. Relying on the thermal dependence of this ratio, the BTO system exhibits a relative sensitivity (Sr) of 1.3% at 333 K. Furthermore, the results suggest that phonon characteristics of the BTO host influence energy-transfer processes and NIR-II thermometric performance, highlighting importance of host properties in designing rare-earth-doped NIR-II thermometric materials.
Crustaceans represent diverse and ecologically important group of marine invertebrates. However, their application in in vitro research remains limited due to the absence of immortal crustacean cell lines. Historically, the development of cell culture methodologies for crustaceans has been constrained by slow proliferation rates, complex and poorly defined nutritional requirements, species-specific osmotic demands, and fundamental differences in cell cycle regulation compared with vertebrate systems. Early cell culture efforts associated with these organisms relied upon modified vertebrate media and their optimization, yielding short-term primary cultures that supported limited functional analyses but failed to achieve continuous proliferation. In crustaceans, hemocytes have been the most extensively studied cell type due to their immunological relevance. But their functional heterogeneity and sensitivity to artificial environments have further limited long-term viability in in vitro systems. Recent methodological progress has substantially contributed to the development of crustacean primary cell culture systems through the integration of stem cell–oriented approaches, tissue-specific media optimization, and molecular characterization strategies. The identification of hematopoietic progenitor-type and stem-like cells, adjustment of culture media osmolarity, and the application of transcriptomic and single-cell sequencing technologies have contributed to improved longevity, phenotypic stability, and functional maintenance of crustacean cell cultures in vitro. In addition, emerging approaches, including three-dimensional culture systems and extracellular matrix scaffolds, have enhanced cell attachment and differentiation potential. Here, the present review describes the historical developments, latest advances in crustacean cell culture, and discusses the critical technological gaps that must be addressed to establish controlled, reproducible, and sustainable crustacean cell lines.
We analyze quantum algorithms commonly regarded as “primitives” with two main objectives: to clarify their role as benchmarking units for quantum utility and to emphasize the need for a clearer justification of quantum primitiveness. These objectives are developed into a framework for identifying and justifying candidate primitives for quantum utility benchmarking.
The ivory snail Babylonia areolata has experienced a significant population decline in marine ecosystems due to the overharvesting, habitat loss, and climate change. Despite its ecological significance and commercial value, population genetic studies on this gastropod remain limited in Vietnam. This study provides the first genetic insights into B. areolata from the coastal waters of Vietnam, based on 105 newly generated cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences. This species exhibited 11.2
1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) is an iminosugar biosynthesized from fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) by three biosynthetic enzymes such as aminotransferase (GabT1), phosphatase (Yktc1), and oxidoreductase (GutB1). Here, we expressed and purified GabT1, Yktc1, and GutB1 from Bacillus velezensis K26, whose genome sequence was previously analyzed, and subsequently characterized their biochemical properties and enzymatic roles in a one-pot in vitro reaction. In a one-pot reaction containing GabT1, Yktc1, and GutB1 with F6P as the substrate, LC-MS analysis revealed a major ion at m/z 162 corresponding to mannojirimycin (MJ)-dehydrate, whereas 1-deoxymannojirimycin and 1-DNJ were not detected. These results demonstrate that GabT1, Yktc1, and GutB1 function sequentially to catalyze the conversion of F6P into MJ-dehydrate under cell-free conditions, suggesting that additional enzymes, including an epimerase and a reductase, are required for the conversion of MJ to 1-DNJ. Overall, this work delineates the enzymatic sequence from F6P to MJ-dehydrate and provides direct biochemical validation of the initial 1-DNJ biosynthetic pathway, offering a basis for further studies on iminosugar biosynthesis.
