High-altitude distribution networks face a tension that lower-altitude systems do not. Stronger solar irradiance raises photovoltaic output, but the same cold and snowy environment cuts mobile storage capacity, blocks the roads those units must travel, and thins the air that diesel generators rely on. When these effects pull in opposite directions, a single load-shedding figure says little about which one actually governs the result. We treat four altitude effects—PV gain, battery temperature loss, road mobility, and thermoelectric heating—as cooperating factors inside a post-disaster restoration model on the IEEE 33-bus feeder, and apply Shapley decomposition to assign each factor its share of the change in weighted load-shedding cost. The mixed-integer form of the problem did not converge reliably, so the attribution reported here rests on the continuous SOCP relaxation. PV altitude gain turns out to dominate the cost reduction: its base-case Shapley value is -2264 CNY, and the mean across ten quality-controlled fault sets is -2363 CNY with a coefficient of variation of only 0.59%. Cold-induced storage degradation is the largest adverse term (+159 CNY in the base case, positive in all ten sets, mean +139 CNY). Road and heating effects stay small and even flip sign from one fault scenario to the next. The planning implication is narrow but firm. Expanding PV capacity is the first-order resilience investment at altitude, yet without battery thermal management the cold penalty quietly erodes part of that gain.
Variations in terrestrial carbon flux influence atmospheric CO2 exchange and related climate feedback, with Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) serving as a key metric for assessing ecosystem carbon source-sink dynamics. Given the vital ecological barrier function of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), understanding the spatiotemporal variability of NEP and its climatic controls is essential for elucidating carbon sink and climate interactions under ongoing climate change. The spatiotemporal dynamics of NEP across the TP from 1979 to 2018 are investigated using the process-based Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM5.0). And climate sensitivity experiments are conducted to quantify the relative contributions of different climate factors to NEP variability. Furthermore, future changes in NEP for the period 2025-2100 under multiple Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios are projected. The results indicate that the TP functioned predominantly as a net carbon sink during the historical period, with a multi-year mean NEP of 23.96 g C m2 yr-1. Spatially, NEP showed a significantly increasing gradient from the northwest to the southeast. During 1979-2018, NEP exhibited an overall decreasing trend across most regions of the TP. Air temperature was identified as the dominant controlling factor, accounting for approximately 68% of the interannual NEP variability, followed by solar radiation (21%) and precipitation (11%). The dominant climatic drivers of NEP variation differ among regions: air temperature predominates in the southwestern and southeastern regions, radiation dominates in the northwestern and central areas, and precipitation exerts a controlling effect in the northern and western regions. Future projections suggest that NEP remains positive under all SSP scenarios, indicating that the TP is likely to persist as a carbon sink throughout the 21st century. This study provides important reference for the development of ecological protection, restoration planning, and regional carbon neutrality strategies.
Root and tuber crops (RTCs), such as potato, cassava, and sweet potato, are globally critical staple foods and exhibit substantial potential for carbon sequestration. Their unique source-sink-flow synergy, high photosynthetic efficiency, and underground carbon storage capacity make them pivotal for climate change mitigation. However, RTCs face inherent bottlenecks: inefficient C3 photosynthesis with photorespiratory losses, source-sink imbalance, and inadequate low-carbon management practices. To address these limitations, this review synthesizes genetic engineering strategies (e.g., optimizing Rubisco function, introducing C4/CAM pathway elements, enhancing sink strength via AGPase and sugar transporters), and improved field management (e.g., balanced fertilization, crop rotation, biochar application, and IoT-based precision agriculture). These integrated approaches synergistically boost carbon fixation, optimize carbon allocation, and strengthen soil carbon sinks. RTCs thus represent a promising avenue to reconcile food security with carbon neutrality goals, providing actionable pathways for developing climate-resilient and sustainable agricultural systems globally.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but underdiagnosed disorder associated with cardiometabolic, neurocognitive, and malignant comorbidities. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a central profibrotic cytokine and may link OSA exposures to upper-airway remodeling and systemic injury. To synthesize current evidence implicating TGF-β1 signaling in OSA pathogenesis and comorbidities, and to highlight translational implications and key knowledge gaps. We conducted a structured literature search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library (inception to March 10, 2026) and narratively synthesized English-language original studies in humans and experimental models. Evidence directly connecting TGF-β1 to human upper-airway remodeling in OSA remains limited and largely observational, whereas intermittent hypoxia(IH) models and non-OSA fibrotic research support plausible mechanisms involving latent TGF-β activation, SMAD/non-SMAD signaling, oxidative stress (e.g., NOX4), and extracellular matrix stiffening. Findings across biological matrices and treatment studies (e.g., continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) effects on airway vs. circulating markers) are heterogeneous. TGF-β1 is a mechanistically plausible mediator linking OSA exposures to remodeling and multisystem comorbidities, but OSA-specific causal evidence is insufficient. Future work should prioritize standardized phenotyping, compartment-specific assays (active vs. total TGF-β1), and longitudinal designs integrating treatment response and tissue-level remodeling endpoints.
Elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) depositions are progressively modifying the dynamics of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the long-term effects on DOM quantity and quality remain poorly understood, especially regarding indirect regulation by plant inputs and microbial decomposition. We conducted a 12-year nutrient addition experiment with N and P in an alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau to investigate changes in soil organic matter (SOM), DOM quantity, and quality. SOM was derived from soil organic carbon using an elemental analyzer, while the DOM quantity was determined from dissolved organic carbon using a total organic carbon analyzer. DOM quality was assessed using UV-Visible and 3D-EEM fluorescence spectroscopy. Using linear mixed-effects models, we evaluated the effects of N and P additions on SOM, DOM quantity, and quality. We found that P addition reduced SOM by 16.8
