This preregistered replication study examined how physical proximity in the classroom is associated with peer perceptions of social status, specifically likeability and popularity. We aimed to replicate and extend the study by van den Berg and Cillessen (2015) using data from 719 students across 33 elementary classrooms (grades 4–6; Mage = 10.27; 51.6% boys). We applied the Social Relations Model and mixed-effects modeling to examine (1) whether proximity between classmates is concurrently associated with likeability and popularity, (2) whether longitudinal changes in proximity lead to changes in likeability and popularity, (3) whether these findings differ for friends versus non-friends, and (4) whether they depend on how proximity is operationalized. We replicated previous findings by showing that classmates seated closer together concurrently rated each other as more popular and likeable. Furthermore, when given the opportunity to create their own seating arrangements, students placed classmates they found likeable and popular closer to themselves. We extended previous findings by showing that increased proximity between two classmates over time led to an increase in mutual liking, but not perceived popularity. Further, findings did not differ significantly between friends and non-friends. Finally, because extant studies differ in how proximity is measured, we tested an operationalization of proximity in terms of desk clusters. This alternative operationalization produced similar results to its continuous counterpart, highlighting the conceptual and practical value of the current operationalization for future research.
Land governance persistently fails to achieve its stated objectives, producing unintended outcomes, coordination failures, and inequality. This paper argues that a major reason is the treatment of land use, land rights, and land value as parallel administrative domains rather than as mutually constitutive components of one recursive governance structure. The Land Triadic Nexus, developed here, explains governance outcomes as a function of the degree of alignment among these three domains. The framework is constructed through a targeted review of existing land governance frameworks, from which four theoretical foundations are developed and four propositions derived. Three foundations are analytical, drawing on institutional economics and property rights theory, game theory, and adaptive governance theory. The fourth is normative, grounded in political philosophy and critical land studies, and establishes land as a shared trust defining what alignment is for. Together these traditions yield three claims. Configurations of land use, rights, and value are strategically produced and defended by actors. Alignment among the three domains is the condition under which planning interventions achieve their intended outcomes. And land governance is an ongoing institutional search for better alignment, constrained by path dependence, capture, and culturally institutionalised models of governance. The propositions are conjectures rather than validated findings, and define the empirical agenda of the research programme the paper opens. Two illustrations, Sayung in Indonesia and Haven-Stad in Amsterdam, show how the framework identifies mechanisms of misalignment that existing frameworks struggle to explain. The paper closes with a research agenda and positions the framework as extending, not replacing, existing scholarship.
Visions in Indian cities lack commitment from actors and possess low normative power. To address these concerns, we take up the task of examining vision-making with a focus on institutional settings across 31 million-plus populated cities. Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework and ADICO grammar tool are used for analysis. We ask how rules-in-use within the vision-making settings are organized and geared towards collective action, and how they affect outcomes, i.e., visions. The analysis underscores three commonalities that hinder collective action, i.e., bureaucratic hegemony and allegiance to sectoral mandates, fragmented actor constellation and weak regulatory power of visions. Within visioning settings, facilitators serve as key agents for ensuring a level playing field. We found that when facilitators are external (i.e., consultants), stakeholder coverage is wider and documentation is exhaustive. In large metropolises and megacities, the visioning process acknowledges stakeholder consultation responsibly. Perhaps fair information exchange and informal monitoring of visions by civil society actors contribute to the politicisation of vision-making. In institutional terms, visions are closer to being a strategy and less to norm-setting. The paper argues that participatory discussions in diverse and heterogeneous settings with the scope of repeat interactions will build homophily and address concerns of structural fragmentation.
In this article a description is given of a longitudinal study of language attrition in Dutch migrants in Australia. In the 1970s, Clyne conducted linguistic research on German‐English and Dutch‐English bilinguals in Australia. In 1987 those informants who were still fluent in Dutch were retested, using the same type of tests and elicitation procedures. All the speech material of the informants from 1971 and 1987 has been transcribed and analysed. It appears that for this selected set of informants there is no evidence of attrition over the 16‐year period. In addition, they show hardly any of the linguistic characteristics of the larger group of informants in the 1971 sample. It is concluded that first‐language attrition does not necessarily take place in an immigrant setting and that those immigrants who manage to maintain their language in the first years of their stay in the new environment are likely to remain fluent speakers of their first language.
Abstract While human activities lead to unprecedented declines in biodiversity, mosquitoes tend to thrive in human‐disrupted environments. A high mosquito abundance is a clear risk for the transmission of vector‐borne diseases, and understanding how environmental factors influence mosquito development is crucial for better predicting their abundance. There is a growing awareness that the population dynamics of mosquitoes are driven by an interplay of climatological factors (temperature) and local ecological drivers (nutrients and salinity). However, relatively little is known about the combined effects of these factors on mosquito development. We quantified the combined effects of changes in temperature, nutrient concentrations, and salinity on the emergence of Culex pipiens s.l., using two complementary indicators: the emergence time (the number of days after which 50% of adults have emerged from the larval phase) and the emergence probability (the proportion of larvae that developed into adults). To that end, we used a novel stage‐based matrix population model, parametrized with data from two multifactorial and one unifactorial mesocosm experiments. Our results suggest that warming, eutrophication, and salinization will likely lead to increases in Cx. pipiens abundance. We found that emergence time is lowest (6–8 days) for temperatures of 25–30°C, towards the highest tested total nitrogen (TN) concentration (100 mg/L), and salinity values around 4 g/L Cl−. Similarly, emergence probability is highest (0.70–0.75) for temperatures of 24–28°C and salinity values of 2–6 g/L Cl−, with virtually no relation to TN concentration. Given the co‐occurrence of climate warming, eutrophication, and salinization, there is a clear need to consider these factors together in both the prediction and management of mosquito population dynamics. Our model can help to understand the combined effects of these environmental variables on mosquito emergence and identify areas at risk of mosquito proliferation. Furthermore, our model could assist in predicting future mosquito abundance when combined with future projections of temperature, nutrient concentrations, and salinity. Finally, our model also serves as a framework for quantifying environmental responses of other mosquito species.
