Rochester University

Purpose Sensory reactivity differences and anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent and meaningful in the lives of autistic people, with profound impacts on daily functioning and well-being. While sensory reactivity has been implicated as a potential risk factor for anxiety in autistic children, little research has examined whether sensory symptoms predict anxiety symptoms in autistic adolescents and adults. To address this gap, the present study examined the developmental trajectories of, and longitudinal associations between, sensory reactivity and anxiety in autistic and non-autistic adolescents and young adults. Methods This study followed up 28 young adults (14 autistic, 14 non-autistic) who had previously participated in a study of sensory reactivity and cognition when they were adolescents. At both time points, participants completed self-report measures of sensory symptoms and anxiety. Results Autistic adults reported greater sensory reactivity and anxiety than non-autistic adults. Sensory over-responsivity and sensory-seeking behaviors remained stable into emerging adulthood in both groups, whereas sensory under-responsivity decreased over time. In contrast, anxiety symptoms increased from adolescence to adulthood across groups. Among autistic participants, two of the three measures of adolescent sensory over-responsivity predicted higher adult anxiety after controlling for adolescent anxiety. Additionally, early anxiety predicted greater sensory avoidance in adulthood, suggesting a bidirectional relationship. Conclusion These findings provide preliminary longitudinal evidence linking sensory over-responsivity and anxiety in autism and highlight the importance of sensory-informed, individualized interventions that address both sensory distress and co-occurring mental health challenges.

Using a 1D mass and heat transport model, we numerically integrate heat flow and gas transport in a porous body exposed to a transient heating event while embedded in a protoplanetary disk. When small icy grains are heated, volatiles sublimate, enriching the disk with volatile gases. When a porous body enters this heated, volatile-rich environment, volatile gases diffuse throughout the cool, porous body and deposit ice where the partial pressure of a volatile exceeds its vapor pressure. We simulate sublimation and deposition fronts of water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Our simulations show that an ice deposition front forms and moves deeper into the porous body as the body warms. The amount of nebular gas deposited in an initially dry body is usually extremely low; however, in an initially icy body, an ice deposition front contains locally sublimated volatiles. In this case, the front can increase the ice volume fraction (by a factor of 2) in a thin layer below the surface. We find that the propagation speed, propagation strength, and final depth of an ice deposition front primarily depend on pore size. We propose that nebular heating events can alter the subsurface morphology and physical properties of porous icy objects embedded in a protoplanetary disk.

With the rapid growth of online video platforms and the escalating volume of video content, the need for proficient video understanding tools has increased significantly. Given the remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in language and multimodal tasks, this survey provides a detailed overview of recent advances in video understanding that harness the power of LLMs (Vid-LLMs). The emergent capabilities of Vid-LLMs are surprisingly advanced, particularly their ability for open-ended multi-granularity (abstract, temporal, and spatiotemporal) reasoning combined with common-sense knowledge, suggesting a promising path for future video understanding. We examine the unique characteristics and capabilities of Vid-LLMs, categorizing the approaches into three main types: Video Analyzer x LLM, Video Embedder x LLM, and (Analyzer + Embedder) x LLM. We identify five subtypes based on the functions of LLMs in Vid-LLMs: LLM as Summarizer, LLM as Manager, LLM as Text Decoder, LLM as Regressor, and LLM as Hidden Layer. This survey also presents a comprehensive study of the tasks, datasets, benchmarks, and evaluation methods for Vid-LLMs. Additionally, it explores the extensive applications of Vid-LLMs in various domains, highlighting their remarkable scalability and versatility in real-world video understanding challenges. Additionally, it summarizes the limitations of existing Vid-LLMs and outlines directions for future research. For more information, readers are encouraged to visit the repository at https://github.com/yunlong10/Awesome-LLMs-for-Video-Understanding

Today, ocean circulation is characterized by southward-flowing North Atlantic Deep Water and northward-flowing Antarctic Bottom Water, with a mixture of water masses filling the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Also, a Southern Hemisphere supergyre (i.e., an inter-basin wind-driven current) facilitates exchange of water among South Pacific, Indian, and South Atlantic Oceans subtropical gyres. The ocean circulation in the Eocene was different. Here we present new benthic foraminiferal oxygen and carbon stable isotopes (delta O-18(bf) and delta C-13(bf)) from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1090 (Agulhas Ridge) spanning the middle and early late Eocene that extend a published late Eocene-early Oligocene record (Pusz et al., 2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010pa001950) into a time characterized by the evolution of the Drake Passage and Tasman Gateway. The comparison of the Site 1090 combined data set with delta O-18(bf) and delta C-13(bf) from the Southern, Atlantic, and sub-Antarctic Indian Oceans confirms the presence of a water mass with higher delta O-18(bf) at depths <2,000 m and a water mass with lower delta O-18(bf) at depths >2,000 m, as already reported. We interpret these signals to be evidence of a deep supergyre at depths <2,000 m transporting salty higher delta O-18(bf) waters originating from the Indian Ocean into the Southern and eastern South Atlantic Oceans. Cold waters that formed around Antarctica spread northward, bathing sites >2,000 m. As the Drake Passage and Tasman Gateways opened and deepened and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current developed, deep-water formation became more prominent at higher latitudes, while the supergyre became restricted to shallower depths.

Background: Older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represent a cancer population in which disease-based risk factors, comorbidities, patient goals, and treatment risks and benefits influence treatment recommendations. Objective: These evidence-based guidelines from the American Society of Hematology (ASH) are intended to support patients, clinicians, and other health professionals in their decisions about management of AML in older adults. Methods: ASH formed a multidisciplinary guideline panel, including patient representatives, that minimized bias from conflicts of interest. Clarity Research Group at McMaster University supported the guideline development process, including updating or performing systematic evidence reviews. The panel prioritized questions and outcomes according to their importance for clinicians and patients. The panel used the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation approach, including evidence-to-decision frameworks, to assess evidence and make recommendations. Results: The panel agreed on 9 critical clinical recommendations for managing AML in older adults, mirroring real-time practitioner-patient conversations: the decision to pursue antileukemic treatment vs best supportive management; traditional induction and postremission therapy vs hypomethylating agent or low-dose cytarabine, or combinations with venetoclax; the role and duration of postremission therapy; combinations with venetoclax vs monotherapy; the use of targeted therapy, including isocitrate dehydrogenase and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitors, in appropriate patients; the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in nonfavorable prognosis AML; and the role of transfusion support for patients no longer receiving antileukemic therapy. Conclusions: Key recommendations of these guidelines include treatment over best supportive care; venetoclax-based regimens over monotherapies; and incorporation of FLT3 inhibitors into traditional induction and postremission therapy.