It has six schools, 21 academic departments and approximately 10,500 undergraduate and postgraduate students from over 100 countries. The campus is located west of Egham, Surrey, 19 miles (31 km) from central London.The Egham campus was founded in 1879 by the Victorian entrepreneur and philanthropist Thomas Holloway. Royal Holloway College was officially opened in 1886 by Queen Victoria as an all-women college. It became a member of the University of London in 1900. In 1945, the college admitted male postgraduate students, and in 1965, around 100 of the first male undergraduates. In 1985, Royal Holloway merged with Bedford College (another former all-women's college in London). The merged college was named Royal Holloway and Bedford New College (RHBNC), this remaining the official registered name of the college by Act of Parliament. The campus is dominated by the Founder's Building, a Grade I listed red-brick building modelled on the Château de Chambord of the Loire Valley, France. The annual income of the institution for 2020–21 was £189.9 million of which £18.8 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £179.2 million.Royal Holloway maintains strong links and exchange programmes with institutions in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Hong Kong, notably Yale University, the University of Toronto, the University of Melbourne and the University of Hong Kong. Royal Holloway was a member of the 1994 Group until 2013, when the group dissolved.
This study proposes a novel, highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on a hexagonal photonic crystal fibre (PCF) sensor, tailored for analytes' refractive index (RI) detection from 1.30 to 1.43. The sensor's optical characteristics are analysed using finite element method (FEM) simulations. The proposed design achieves a peak wavelength sensitivity of 29,000 nm/RIU and an amplitude sensitivity of 2,653.68 RIU-& sup1;. Additionally, a high resolution of 3.45 & times; 10(-)(6) RIU underscores its effectiveness in capturing minute variations in refractive index. We conducted a comparative evaluation of ten machine learning algorithms for predicting confinement loss and amplitude sensitivity. Our results show that ensemble methods, particularly Extra Trees, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost, achieve exceptionally high prediction accuracy for confinement loss (R-2 > 0.999), while LightGBM outperforms other models for amplitude sensitivity prediction (R-2 = 0.9448). The proposed sensor is stable and suited for detecting analytes for food safety, and adulteration monitoring applications.
Entrepreneurship is often a team effort, but our understanding of the relationship between the emotional and cognitive processes involved remains rather limited. This article presents an exploration of the team-level mechanisms linking entrepreneurial passion and learning. Drawing on social cognitive theory, we studied the role played by team entrepreneurial passion in single- and double-loop team entrepreneurial learning and the moderating effect of team helping. A team-level analysis was performed on data drawn from 446 members of 101 new venture teams in an accelerator for high technology firms in Beijing, China. Our findings show that the shared positive feelings dimension of team entrepreneurial passion is positively related to double-loop team entrepreneurial learning more strongly than it is to its single-loop variant, whereas the collective identity centrality dimension has a stronger impact on single-loop than on double-loop learning. Team helping was found to moderate the relationship between team entrepreneurial passion and learning.
The paper develops a dynamic panel stochastic frontier model that incorporates firms' intertemporal decision behaviour and short-run stagnant adjustments to the production process. Its dynamic specification recognizes short-run output adjustment costs, where final output may be only partially adjusted to the optimum level. In nesting previous panel stochastic frontier models, our new approach delivers a flexible framework that accommodates heterogeneous technologies and latent time-varying inefficiency effects. In addition, our model handles endogeneity issues related to flexible inputs. Model inference is based on a Bayesian framework, where Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques are utilized. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate the robustness of the model in small and moderate samples. Last, we present our model in an empirical example, analysing publicly listed UK companies operating in the manufacturing and construction sector over the period 2004-2022. A general finding is that most firms exhibit stagnant production processes, with the half-life for adjusting supply to be as high as 6 quarters. The estimated average technical efficiency is 89%. Our findings underscore the importance of accounting for dynamic frictions and heterogeneity when evaluating firm performance and designing productivity-enhancing policies.
BackgroundParanoia is common in the general population, but little is known about individual paranoid experiences in the workplace. We present the findings from the first study examining individual experiences of paranoia at work.MethodsA cross-sectional, survey design was used in which a general population sample completed two novel scales: the Paranoia at Work Scale (PAWS; a measure of workplace paranoia), and Personal Experiences of Paranoia in the Workplace Scale (PEPS-W; a measure of individual accounts of workplace paranoia), as well as trait paranoia, stress, general belonging and workplace emotional climate measures.ResultsParanoia was relatively common in the workplace, reported by 18% of participants, which was found to be preoccupying, impacted on wellbeing, and largely inflicted by someone of superior occupational status. These experiences were associated with higher trait paranoia, workplace paranoia and stress, and lower levels of general belonging and workgroup emotional climate.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate for the first time the commonality of paranoia at work. The PAWS and the PEPS-W provide an exciting opportunity to better understand the prediction and prevention of workplace paranoia.
Tackling the global decline in biodiversity requires effective conservation actions to manage ongoing threats. Evidence from the success of past interventions can help identify effective actions. Such evidence-based conservation is facilitated by searchable resources that synthesize knowledge across taxa and conditions. The existing evidence base has known taxonomic and geographic gaps, but how the diversity and prevalence of threats affecting biodiversity is represented remains unclear. We assessed the availability of evidence to address conservation threats, testing whether more evidence exists for actions tackling threats that affect more species (taxonomic prevalence) and from locations where threats are more likely (spatial prevalence). We focused on amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, groups with published conservation evidence synopses and completed IUCN Red List assessments listing threats. Overall, there were more studies testing conservation actions directed at more common threats (high taxonomic prevalence). Actions tackling threats linked to agriculture and exploitation of natural resources, which affect the largest number of species (34.9% and 31.0% of 35128 species, respectively), had more evidence (20.6% and 18.5% of 3662 studies, respectively). However, actions for some threats were understudied (e.g. energy production and mining), while some had more evidence than expected (e.g. invasive species). Actions targeting more prevalent threats were not identified as more effective or better understood. More studies tested conservation actions in areas where species were more likely to be impacted by threats (high spatial prevalence). However, only limited or no evidence was available for some highly impacted areas. For example, none of the 253 studies of actions addressing the impact of agriculture on birds were located in Africa, a region where 12% of the land is classed as high agriculture impact. Synthesis and applications: Despite taxonomic and spatial biases, substantial conservation evidence is available to support decision-making by practitioners, particularly for the most prevalent and severe threats. Given the current biodiversity crisis, it is critical that this information is more widely used and that coordination among academic and practitioner partners is encouraged to evaluate current evidence and fill gaps, for example, regarding energy production and mining. A reliable and transferable evidence base is essential to effectively tackle the biodiversity crisis. Abordar el declive global de la biodiversidad requiere acciones de conservaci & oacute;n efectivas para gestionar las amenazas existentes. La evidencia del & eacute;xito de intervenciones pasadas puede ayudar a identificar aquellas acciones que son efectivas. La identificaci & oacute;n de acciones de conservaci & oacute;n basadas en la evidencia se facilita a trav & eacute;s de s & iacute;ntesis consultables que capturan el conocimiento existence para diversos taxones y situaciones. La base de evidencia existente tiene sesgos taxon & oacute;micos y geogr & aacute;ficos reconocidos, pero no sabemos como de bien representa la diversidad y prevalencia de amenazas que afectan a la biodiversidad. En este trabajo, evaluamos la disponibilidad de evidencia para abordar distintas amenazas, evaluando si existen m & aacute;s evidencia sobre acciones que gestionan aquellas amenazas que afectan a m & aacute;s especies (prevalencia taxon & oacute;mica) y en aquellos lugares donde las amenazas son m & aacute;s probables (prevalencia espacial). Nos centramos en anfibios, reptiles, aves y mam & iacute;feros, ya que son grupos con sinopsis de evidencia de conservaci & oacute;n publicadas y con evaluaciones completas por la Lista Roja de la UICN que reflejan sus amenazas. En general, existen m & aacute;s estudios que han evaluado acciones de conservaci & oacute;n dirigidas a las amenazas m & aacute;s comunes (alta prevalencia taxon & oacute;mica). Las acciones que abordan amenazas vinculadas a la agricultura y la explotaci & oacute;n de recursos biol & oacute;gicos, que son las que afectan al mayor n & uacute;mero de especies (34,9% y 31,0% de 35.128 especies respectivamente), tuvieron m & aacute;s evidencia (20,6% y 18,5% de 3.662 estudios respectivamente). Sin embargo, las acciones para algunas amenazas han sido poco estudiadas (como por ejemplo, la producci & oacute;n de energ & iacute;a y la miner & iacute;a), mientras que algunas ten & iacute;an m & aacute;s evidencia de la esperada (por ejemplo, especies invasoras). Las acciones dirigidas a las amenazas m & aacute;s prevalentes no se identificaron como m & aacute;s eficaces ni mejor entendidas. M & aacute;s estudios evaluaron acciones de conservaci & oacute;n en & aacute;reas donde las especies ten & iacute;an mayor probabilidad de verse afectadas por estas amenazas (alta prevalencia espacial). Sin embargo, encontramos carencia o evidencia muy limitada para algunas zonas altamente afectadas. Por ejemplo, ninguno de los 253 estudios sobre acciones que abordan el impacto de la agricultura en las aves se localiz & oacute; en & Aacute;frica, una regi & oacute;n donde el 12% de la superficie est & aacute; clasificada como alto riesgo por impacto agr & iacute;cola. S & iacute;ntesis y aplicaciones: A pesar de los sesgos taxon & oacute;micos y espaciales, existe evidencia sustancial para respaldar la toma de decisiones por parte de los profesionales de la conservaci & oacute;n, especialmente para las amenazas m & aacute;s prevalentes y graves. Dada la actual crisis de biodiversidad, es fundamental que esta informaci & oacute;n se utilice m & aacute;s ampliamente y que se fomente la coordinaci & oacute;n entre acad & eacute;micos y profesionales para evaluar la evidencia actual y rellenar lagunas de conocimiento, por ejemplo en lo relativo a la gesti & oacute;n de impactos de la producci & oacute;n de energ & iacute;a y la miner & iacute;a. Una base de evidencia fiable y transferible es esencial para abordar eficazmente la crisis de biodiversidad.
