资生堂（Shiseido ），是日本著名的化妆品品牌，品牌秉承了“百年匠心，让美资生”的理念。取名源自中文《易经》中的“至哉坤元，万物资生”，资生堂的涵义为孕育新生命，创造新价值。“至哉坤元，万物资生”意为“赞美大地的美德，她哺育了新的生命，创造了新的价值。”这一名称正是资生堂公司形象的反映，是将东方的美学及意识与西方的技术及商业实践相结合，将先进技术与传统理念相结合，用西方文化诠释含蓄的东方文化。 资生堂是株式会社资生堂（Shiseido Company, Limited）旗下品牌，总部在东京都中央区银座7丁目5番5号(104-0061)，于1872年创立，注册资金645亿日元。总经理兼董事长末川久幸，销售额6,442亿日元（截止2010年3月），集团员工人数约29000名（截止至2010年3月）。
Animal tests like the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) were historically used to assess skin sensitization in cosmetics. The EU banned animal testing for cosmetics in 2013, prompting the development of alternative in vitro methods and new approach methodologies (NAMs) based on adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). These NAMs are integrated into Defined Approaches (DAs) to evaluate skin sensitization hazards and potency, which challenge is incorporating them into next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) frameworks. To address this challenge, we aim to achieve quantitative risk assessment in humans. The NGRA framework proposed by Cosmetics Europe emphasizes read-across methods, which predict toxicity using data from similar substances. This approach, which utilizes data from analogues, is described as an effective way to reduce uncertainty in risk assessment. This paper proposes a transparent read-across method using the OECD QSAR Toolbox, ranked by reliability based on structural similarity, protein binding, sensitization alerts, and percutaneous absorption. The sensitization data of the extracted analogues prioritize the LLNA EC3 values, followed by predicted EC3 values from Derek nexus or GPMT data. A case study using p-isobutyl-α-methyl hydrocinnamaldehyde confirmed the target's classification as a moderate sensitizer. The proposed method ensures transparency by relying on publicly available tools, reducing uncertainty in NGRA.
Odors are known to affect an individual's emotions and physiological states. Recent research has revealed that olfaction is linked to the mental representation of internal sensations, known as interoception. However, little research has examined how interoception relates to emotional responses to odors. This research aimed to fill this gap in the literature. We conducted two studies with a total of 548 Japanese women (n = 500 and n = 48 in Studies 1 and 2, respectively). Study 1 used an online survey to assess the relationship between self-reported interoceptive traits and the intensity of positive emotions in response to daily odors. Study 2 examined how self-reported interoceptive traits modulated the arousal ratings of odors presented in the laboratory and the concordance between these perceived arousal ratings and odor-evoked physiological responses. Study 1 confirmed that self-reported interoceptive traits were significant predictors of positive emotional intensity of odors. In Study 2, individuals with high interoceptive measure scores showed concordance between their perceived emotional arousal and the physiological responses associated with that emotion, whereas individuals with low scores did not. These findings suggest that how people perceive their internal sensations contributes to shaping their olfactory affective experiences, thereby broadening the scope of interoception research and aromachology. The practical implications of these findings for the development of commercial fragrances are discussed.
