This study examines the pseudo-core–shell structural characteristics and He–defect interactions in He⁺ irradiated 3C-SiC through a combination of experiments and first-principles calculations: i) He ion irradiation (500 keV, 1 ×1017 ions/cm²) induces the formation of nanobubbles (1.0–1.8 nm) and elongated platelets (6–10 nm), accompanied by pronounced lattice distortion and localized amorphization, indicating significant He aggregation and anisotropic growth; ii) Transmutation elements induce elongated C–X bonds and contracted C–SiX bonds, giving rise to a defect-driven pseudo -Core–Shell structure. He incorporation increases the core energy while stabilizing the shell, resulting in core instability; iii) He–vacancy interactions generate anomalous electronic states near the Fermi level and within the bandgap, originating from dipolar polarization of undercoordinated C atoms, providing insight into the coupled effects of He, defects, and transmutation elements in SiC and guiding the design of irradiation-tolerant cladding materials.
The global transition to the Electric Vehicles (EVs) represents a major change of the transportation and energy industry, which is driven by a breakthrough in battery technology, positive government policies, and increased consumer demand. As the use of electric cars is becoming more accepted, it is necessary to implement Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) in the power grid to support the ecosystem. The interconnectivity, in its turn, makes the grid and EVSE infrastructure vulnerable to a variety of cybersecurity threats. The availability, dependability, and security of electric vehicle charging networks may be compromised by the vulnerabilities such as Denial of Service (DoS), Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, data manipulation, and malware threats. These attacks can disrupt power charging processes, cause financial damages, cause bodily injuries, or even destabilise the power systems. This paper introduces a hybrid architecture comprising of deep contextual proficiency of DistilBERT, the sequential modelling efficacy of Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Units (Bi-GRU) and an attention mechanism to detect cyber-attacks on Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) systems. The model is tested on CICEVSE2024 dataset, a high-rate collection of power consumption and network traffic data, which is based upon benign and harmful contexts. The results show that the classification accuracy is 94 percent, precision is 98 percent, recall stands at 95 percent, and F1-score is 96 percent, thus validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in identifying the occurrence of cyber-attacks in complex and real-life contexts. The study highlights the potential of AI-assisted methods of real-time cybersecurity monitoring in the framework of electric vehicle grid integration, which is steadily advancing, and explains the need to implement resilient and scaleable solutions to mitigate the increasing cyber threats.
Grid-connected inverters operating in distorted distribution grids are affected by harmonic voltage distortion, frequency variations, and filter inductance mismatch, which degrade the prediction accuracy of finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) and the injected-current quality. This paper proposes a virtual flux reconstructed predictive control framework for grid-connected inverters. A super twisting virtual flux observer reconstructs the fundamental grid-voltage component and reduces harmonic propagation into the predictive model. A virtual flux enhanced finite position set phase locked loop provides frequency adaptive synchronization, while a reactive-power-based online inductance identification scheme compensates for filter inductance mismatch. Experiments are conducted on a laboratory grid-connected inverter platform with a regulated dc-side supply, focusing on the grid side control performance under non-ideal grid conditions. Under 11.18% grid voltage total harmonic distortion (THD), a frequency step from 50 Hz to 40 Hz, and severe initial inductance mismatch, the proposed method maintains the grid current THD at 2.73% under harmonic distortion and 2.94% after the frequency step. Ablation tests show that removing the virtual-flux observer or synchronization module increases the grid-current THD to above 10%. The results indicate that the proposed framework improves the current quality and operational robustness of grid-connected inverters under non-ideal grid conditions.
The photocatalytic Fenton advanced oxidation process facilitated by hydrogen peroxide has garnered significant attention for its efficacy in degrading organic pollutants. However, traditional Fenton systems produce substantial iron sludge, leading to secondary environmental pollution. In this study, a type-II scheme FeWO4/PDIsm (perylene diimide supramolecular material) heterojunction photocatalytic material was synthesized by incorporating FeWO4 nanospheres onto self-assembled PDIsm using a low-temperature co-precipitation method, following the solvothermal synthesis of PDIsm. The structure of FeWO4/PDIsm was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission Electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the FeWO4/PDIsm composite was evaluated through the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). Experimental results demonstrated that the addition of FeWO4 significantly enhanced the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers. The composite with a 30% FeWO4/PDIsm ratio exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance, achieving an 82.45% degradation rate of 20 mg·L−1 TCH within 15 min and 98.53% degradation after 60 min in the photo-Fenton system (catalyst = 15 mg, TCH = 20 mg·L−1, H2O2 = 1 mL·L−1, pH 7). The first-order reaction kinetic constant was 0.01908 min−1, which is 2.04 and 2.02 times higher than that of pure FeWO4 and PDIsm, respectively. Possible degradation pathways of TCH were analyzed through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), scavenger experiments, Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and cycling stability tests, providing deeper insights into the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of FeWO4/PDIsm. The FeWO4/PDIsm composite rapidly and efficiently degrades organic pollutants, exhibiting excellent reusability, demonstrating great potential for practical wastewater treatment, and offering a new approach for treating antibiotic wastewater in the environment and achieving sustainable utilization of water resources.
Electrocatalytic water splitting represents a sustainable and efficient approach for producing high-purity hydrogen, playing an increasingly pivotal role in addressing global energy sustainability challenges. However, dynamic and complex electrocatalytic processes pose significant obstacles to unraveling electrocatalytic mechanisms and advancing catalyst design. This review first discusses fundamental principles for conducting reliable in situ/operando synchrotron radiation (SR) spectroscopic measurements in electrocatalytic systems, proposing guidelines for standardizing practices across the community. Then, cutting-edge in situ/operando SR-based spectroscopic techniques applied in electrocatalytic water splitting are systematically examined, highlighting their distinctive advantages while critically evaluating inherent methodological limitations. Moving beyond conventional single-technique approaches, we focus on complementary probes based on in situ/operando multi-SR spectroscopic technologies to achieve panoramic visualization of the dynamic evolution for the water splitting process, spanning from the atomic and molecular scales to the electronic level. Finally, key bottlenecks and frontier research opportunities are outlined, aiming to inspire a paradigm shift from fragmented analysis toward integrated, system-level mechanistic understanding in electrocatalytic water splitting.
