It was established in 1951, and offers courses for science, commerce and arts in India.In 2018, the highest admission cut-off was 99.66 per cent for B.Sc. (Hons) in Electronics in SGTB Khalsa College. In the humanities stream, Khalsa College had set the highest cut-off at 99 per cent for BA (Hons) in Political Science.The college has 59 classrooms, 19 labs, 6 research labs, indoor and outdoor sports facilities, gymnasium, cafeteria, bank, and medical facilities in proximity, besides other utility services such as post-office and market. The college is well connected by road and Delhi Metro link, and majority students are day-scholars. A hostel for girls can accommodate 147 students, and a hostel for boys was inaugurated in February 2021.The college have air-conditioned classrooms with projection facilities and Internet, campus-wide wired as well as a wireless network having Internet connectivity, with 24x7 Internet in campus and an overall computer-student ratio of 1 : 2.95.
Effective and timely screening of kidney dysfunction is of crucial importance owing to its rampant occurrence worldwide. The non-manifestation of its symptoms early-on in the disease progression, makes the situation even more critical. Thus, there is a dire need to develop highly accurate, sensitive and specific recognition probes for identification of kidney disease bio-markers, thereby enabling early diagnosis. A variety of bio-markers for detection of renal diseases are known, out of which, creatinine is probably the most extensively used. The amount of creatinine present in different body fluids, such as blood and urine, can be directly correlated with the kidney disease progression. Hence, it can be employed for both invasive and non-invasive detection of any stage of renal failure. The detection of creatinine has come a long way from the traditional Jaffe's method, both in terms of the techniques and the kind of reagents used. Fluorescent techniques have emerged as a promising tool due to their simplicity, accuracy, rapidity, cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, etc. A large variety of fluorescent entities are being exploited, such as organic dyes, nanoparticles, nanoclusters, nanosheets, quantum dots and MXenes. The current review comprehends the recent developments in the area of fluorescent sensors for creatinine detection by analyzing the diverse mechanistic approaches used, namely the chemodosimetric, H-bonding, complex formation and metal ion-mediated.
A sustainable route for synthesizing silicon carbide was developed using activated carbon derived from Sapindus biomass and naturally sourced silica from sea beach sand. The raw precursors were processed by high-energy ball milling at room temperature, with milling time, ball-to-powder ratio, and rotational speed systematically optimized. The study demonstrated that prolonged milling (24 h) at 380 revolutions per minute with a carbon-to-silicon molar ratio of 1:1 produced well-defined silicon carbide phases. The resulting powders exhibited a uniform microstructure and significant grain size reduction, with crystallite dimensions decreasing to approximately 5 nm. Heat treatment at 1250 degrees C for 2 h did not markedly alter crystallinity, confirming that mechanochemical activation alone was sufficient to drive carbide formation. These results establish biomass-derived carbon and natural silica as effective precursors for silicon carbide synthesis, offering an eco-friendly and cost-efficient alternative to conventional high-temperature, petroleum-based processes.
The fruit and vegetable processing sector generates approximately 40–50
This study evaluates wheat-maize rotation impacts on soil health and element transfer in Nawanshahr, Punjab under uniform fertilization. Total 80 Samples including soil and crop samples from two consecutive season cycle of 20 sites were analyzed for major (K, Ca, Fe) and minor (Mn, Rb, Zr, Cu) elements using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence technique. Physicochemical parameters and characterization were done to analyze the impact and to correlate the consecutive cycles. Potential risk indices (Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI)) were also assessed to evaluate elemental pollution associated with cultivation of wheat-maize cycle on agricultural fields of Nawanshahr region of Punjab. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) was also determined to examine soil-to-crop transfer of elements. Method validation was conducted using multiple internationally recognized Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) to ensure accuracy, linearity (R-2 > 0.95), and reliability of elemental quantification for crop and soil samples. To make this study comprehensive Soil texture, soil pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Soil Organic carbon (SOC) was also determined. Mean soil K decreased by 5.4% and crop K by 6.5, reflecting higher maize uptake. Soil Ca (0.45% wt-0.85% wt) increased similar to 15% with strong positive correlation to K, Rb, and SOC. Soil Fe (1.39% wt-3.05% wt) remained stable, while crop Fe declined similar to 6%. Soil Mn (211-667 mg/kg) rose similar to 6% with stronger Mn-Fe interaction; crop Mn (similar to 54 mg/kg) was stable. Soil Rb and Zr increased slightly (similar to 3%-3.8%), with marginal crop increases (similar to 6%-9%). Soil Cu was stable (20.2 mg/kg), while crop Cu rose similar to 10%, indicating consistent uptake. Results also revealed strong elemental associations emerged (K-Ca; Fe-Cu; Rb-Ca). Soil-crop transfer of Zr and Fe was consistently low, while BCF values highlighted higher uptake of K and Ca in maize. Indices confirmed low contamination. Soil contamination across two crop cycles was low to moderate for K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Rb, Zr, and Cu, with no CF >= 3. Mn and Cu showed localized enrichment. PLI values remained below 1, indicating unpolluted soil and minimal anthropogenic impact. The study also assessed human health risk using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) for Mn, Cu, and Fe which remained within safe limits, the elevated Total THQ (> 1) across both cycles indicates a potential cumulative non-carcinogenic risk. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was done to differentiates the soil into geochemical groups consistent with elemental behavior observed across the two crop cycles.
Digital literacy is increasingly seen as a key enabler of rural entrepreneurship in India, where small businesses are adapting to a rapidly digitising economy. This study examines how digital skills influence the growth, sustainability, and innovation capacity of rural enterprises. Using a mixed-method approach, the research combines secondary data from government reports and surveys with primary insights gathered through interviews and questionnaires from rural entrepreneurs. The study explores how digital literacy affects access to markets, financial services, government schemes, and digital platforms such as e-commerce and mobile banking. The findings suggest that entrepreneurs with higher levels of digital literacy are better able to expand their customer base, reduce operational costs, and respond to market changes. At the same time, the study highlights persistent barriers, including limited internet access, lack of training, and low awareness of digital tools in many rural areas. Qualitative insights further reveal that social factors such as education, gender, and community support play an important role in shaping digital adoption. Overall, the research underscores that improving digital literacy can significantly strengthen rural entrepreneurship, but it must be supported by better infrastructure, targeted training programs, and inclusive policies. The study contributes to existing literature by linking digital capability with grassroots economic development and offers practical recommendations for policymakers and development practitioners.
