O artigo busca analisar, por meio de levantamento bibliográfico e documental, o desenvolvimento do capitalismo rural e os movimentos sociais campesinos no Paraguai. Primeiramente, a pesquisa procura abordar a matriz empresarial-monopolista-agroexportadora de ocupação e de exploração da terra no Paraguai, com a significativa influência de ruralistas brasileiros, em detrimento da matriz familiar-cooperativista-alimentícia. Na segunda parte, empenha-se em apresentar os principais movimentos sociais campesinos do país, seus embates e meios de atuação. Por fim, demonstra a importância destes últimos para a democratização da terra, a soberania e a segurança alimentar paraguaia.
Artificial intelligence and conversational chatbots are increasingly integrated into organisational communication systems. Despite their technical sophistication, user acceptance often hinges on emotional and social factors such as trust and authenticity rather than system performance. Understanding these dynamics is essential for achieving genuine digital maturity. This short communication introduces a conceptual framework for chatbot acceptance that unites technical, emotional, and ethical dimensions. The goal is to extend existing acceptance models by highlighting empathy and perceived authenticity as core determinants of user engagement. The paper employs a conceptual synthesis of established acceptance models (TAM, UTAUT) with insights from psychology, communication theory, and design ethics. This interdisciplinary approach serves to redefine acceptance as an adaptive and emotionally informed process. Findings indicate that users value conversational authenticity and empathy over precision or speed. Transparent and context-aware chatbot design increases trust and sustained use, whereas cold or intrusive interactions reduce acceptance. Emotional resonance and ethical integrity emerge as pivotal success factors. Acceptance in conversational AI depends on aligning machine logic with human emotion. Designing chatbots that are not merely efficient but human-compatible can enhance trust and interaction quality. The proposed model encourages a shift from usability-driven design toward emotionally intelligent AI communication.
This work investigates the coupled electron-ion transfer (ET-IT) phenomena occurring in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes based on a poly(3-octylthiophene) (POT) film backside contacted with a plasticized nanomembrane through cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and alternating current voltammetry (ACV). The CVs presented the typical thin-layer behavior, whereas EIS revealed distinct regions corresponding to membrane resistance, charge transfer, and capacitive responses, allowing for the separation and quantification of the ET-IT contributions. The analysis by electrical equivalent circuit demonstrated that, as the potential approaches the redox peak, the membrane resistance markedly increases from 2.6 kΩ to 40 kΩ due to ion expulsion. Charge transfer resistance followed the "v"-shaped dependence expected for thin-layer systems, with a minimum at 0.86 kΩ. Time constant analysis confirmed that ionic dynamics were significantly faster than electron transfer processes. Building on this insight, ACV was used to bridge the spectral deconvolution capability of EIS with the simplicity of CV. The ACV responses were found to strongly depend on frequency. At low frequencies (<10 Hz), the signals were dominated by faradaic ET-IT peaks; while at higher frequencies (>250 Hz), the response transitioned to a sigmoidal profile governed by ion transport and membrane resistance. This frequency selectivity enabled distinguishing between ions of different lipophilicity (e.g., Na+ vs. TBA+) in membranes exclusively containing a cation exchanger, demonstrating ion-specific peak shifts when using ionophore-based membranes (e.g., valinomycin for K+). Finally, the possibility of determining signal changes with variations of the K+ concentration in the nanomolar range by employing CV and ACV, together with a comparison of the sensing performance with both techniques, was demonstrated.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gut microbiota-modulating interventions in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA 2020. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL were searched from inception to 28 February 2026 for randomised controlled trials of oral probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics in participants aged ≤ 19 years with type 1 diabetes. Primary outcomes were glycated haemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, total daily insulin dose, and C-peptide. Immune-inflammatory, microbiota-related, intestinal permeability, and safety outcomes were narratively synthesised. Twelve randomised controlled trials involving 808 paediatric participants were included. Interventions varied in formulation, dose, and duration. Pooled analyses showed significant reductions in glycated haemoglobin and fasting blood glucose, whereas no significant effects were found for total daily insulin dose or C-peptide. Immune-inflammatory, microbiota-related, and intestinal permeability outcomes suggested possible benefits, but reporting was inconsistent and quantitative pooling was not feasible. Overall, the evidence was limited by substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity. Conclusion: Gut microbiota-modulating interventions may improve glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, particularly glycated haemoglobin and fasting blood glucose. However, current evidence is insufficient to support any specific formulation, dose, or duration, and larger well-designed paediatric trials are still needed.
The smartphone has become fundamental in areas, such as leisure, sociability, and intimacy, especially for young people. Its impact has led to growing concerns about its effects, in terms of a potential addictive nature. This article approaches the articulation of abuse and self-regulation practices regarding the smartphone, and the presence of addictive explanations as a framework that links such practices to a culture of addiction. For this purpose, 24 young people (between 18 and 29 years) with different socio-demographic profiles (age, gender, occupation) and levels of problematic use of digital technologies were interviewed. The results show how respondents regulate the constant influx of smartphones into their daily lives with individual strategies that attempt to balance the perceived effects of their digital practices. Their effectiveness is modulated by aspects, such as maturity, personal context, or commitment to other activities. In many cases, their self-perceptions are permeated by popularized discourses of addiction, which coexist with ironic positions regarding their agency facing the technological designs and are aligned with logics of individual responsibility. They also highlight emergent aspects, such as the link between weekend binge or nightly practices of smartphone abuse, with their own personal sphere and self-gratification.
