Agrivoltaic systems integrate solar electricity generation with agricultural production on the same land and have emerged as a promising strategy to address land-use conflicts between food and energy systems. This PRISMA-based systematic review synthesizes evidence from 249 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025, applying an integrated three-dimensional framework that simultaneously examines technical efficiency, environmental sustainability, and institutional governance. The results show that agrivoltaic systems consistently achieve superior land-use performance, with Land Equivalent Ratio values typically ranging between 1.2 and 1.8, indicating 20–80% greater territorial efficiency than separate agricultural and photovoltaic systems. In water-stressed regions, reported improvements in water-use efficiency commonly reach 15–30%, while life-cycle assessments indicate substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. The integrated analysis also reveals important design-dependent trade-offs related to panel density, crop selection, and local agroclimatic conditions. Despite their demonstrated technical and environmental maturity, the large-scale deployment of agrivoltaic systems remains constrained by institutional barriers, including the lack of dedicated regulatory frameworks, fragmented agricultural and energy policies, and the strong geographical concentration of research in the Global North, with limited evidence from Latin America and other regions of the Global South. Overall, the findings indicate that agrivoltaic systems represent a credible component of integrated land-use and energy transition strategies, but their responsible scaling will depend primarily on advances in governance, policy alignment, and context-specific system design.
Tin sulfide (SnS) is a particularly attractive material, as it has proven to be an adequate absorber for thin-film solar cells due to its high absorption coefficient. Experimental devices based on the Al/ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/CdS/SnS/Mo structure have achieved efficiencies of 4.8
Buildings in climate-vulnerable regions face critical challenges in reducing energy demand while supporting environmental and social resilience. In the Peruvian Amazon, off-grid riverine communities experience energy insecurity and seasonal flooding, threatening both the built environment and cultural continuity. This research presents a non-built architectural case study for an Indigenous community-based ecotourism lodge in Loreto, Peru. The methodology combines culturally informed passive bioclimatic strategies with design-stage quantitative calculations based on secondary sources, architectural programming assumptions, and a ten-year SENAMHI meteorological dataset (2014–2024). The proposed photovoltaic microgrid comprises 52 bifacial N-Type TOPCon modules (31.72 kWp) and a 286.3 kWh LiFePO4 battery system. Under the base demand scenario—defined by lighting loads, 180 standard outlets, an outlet simultaneity factor of 0.8, and an effective evening-use period of 5 h/day—the system is projected to cover modeled demand under average-month solar conditions. However, rainy-season performance remains conditional when bifacial gain is excluded, so the system is interpreted as preliminary off-grid sizing rather than evidence of continuous off-grid operation. Compared with a 30 kW diesel-generator baseline, the photovoltaic-battery configuration projects an 84.3% annual OPEX reduction. The design also estimates 570 L/day of biogas from a 2.0 m3 biodigester, 233,600 L/year of potable water savings, and proposes 152 Calycophyllum spruceanum and 15 Ceiba pentandra trees for NbS-based stabilization. These design-stage estimates suggest a reproducible research-by-design workflow for preliminary environmental, energetic, and socio-cultural evaluation of off-grid Amazonian ecotourism infrastructure.
Wind energy represents a strategic alternative for the sustainable development of rural communities, as it promotes energy autonomy and contributes to the reduction of polluting emissions. This study evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of a 12 MW wind farm in the community of Reforma de Pineda, Oaxaca, a region with high wind energy potential. Using a micro-scale model, the available wind resource was characterized through reanalysis databases (Global Wind Atlas and MERRA-2), considering terrain roughness, topography, and obstacles affecting wind flow. This allowed for the selection of the Vestas V-90 wind turbine and the optimization of its staggered layout, reducing wake effect losses to 1.3%. The economic analysis was based on Local Marginal Prices (LMP) and Real-Time Market (RTM) prices of the Distributed Nodes of the National Electric System, enabling the estimation of revenues from the sale of 43 GWh/year, covering the energy demand of 20,831 inhabitants and generating surpluses allocated to water pumping. Results show that, under the scenario of 6% discount rate, the Net Present Value (NPV) reaches USD 35.3 million, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is 35.16% and the payback period is 5.56 years. Under the worst-case scenario (12% discount rate), the NPV is USD 18.7 million, the IRR is 27.92% and the payback period is 7.13 years, confirming the project’s economic viability under both scenarios.
