2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole (BTD) derivatives have emerged as versatile photofunctional platforms due to their strong electron-accepting character, synthetic accessibility, and tunable optical properties. Despite extensive studies on BTD-based fluorophores, the fluorosolvatochromic behavior of BTDs bearing N,N-dimethylamino substituents remains insufficiently explored. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of N,N-dimethyl-4amino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTDNMe2) in twenty-seven solvents using UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. BTDNMe2 exhibits weak solvatochromism in absorption but pronounced fluorosolvatochromism in emission, with a clear bathochromic shift of the fluorescence maxima as solvent polarity increases. The molar transition energy correlates positively with Reichardt's normalized polarity scale (ENT ), confirming the positive solvatochromic character of the probe. Multiparametric LSER analysis identified hydrogen-bond donor acidity and dipolarity as the dominant factors influencing solute-solvent interactions in the excited state, with the modified Kamlet-Abboud-Taft model providing the best statistical fit (R2 = 0.96). Dipole moment calculations using the Lippert-Mataga, Bakhshiev, and Kawski-Chamma-Viallet approaches revealed significantly higher values in the excited state compared to the ground state, consistent with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Theoretical calculations corroborated these findings, highlighting the rigidity of the molecular framework and the stabilization of the excited state by solvent polarity. Taken together, these results enhance the understanding of the fluorosolvatochromic properties of BTD derivatives and highlight the potential of BTDNMe2 as a straightforward, solvent-polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe.
Plants are continuously challenged by diverse abiotic stresses, which compromise growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient homeostasis. This review aims to elucidate the roles of antioxidant systems and mineral nutrients in stress adaptation, and to highlight the potential of multi-omics approaches to enhance crop resilience. A comprehensive synthesis of current research on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms, nutrient interactions, and stress physiology was performed. Multi-omics datasets—including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, ionomics, and miRNomics were analyzed to assess nutrient acquisition, redistribution, and signaling under stress. Genotype-specific responses, stress memory, and ROS–Ca2⁺–hormone cross-talk were emphasized. High-throughput phenotyping and genome-editing strategies were also considered. Evidence shows that plants employ integrated antioxidant systems to maintain redox balance and mitigate reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage. Mineral nutrients act as enzymatic cofactors, regulate antioxidant activity, and modulate osmotic adjustment and signaling pathways. In addition, interactions between essential and toxic metals involve both competitive and protective mechanisms that influence metal uptake, transport, and detoxification. Multi-omics studies highlight genotype- and stress-history-dependent responses and reveal complex ROS–Ca2⁺–hormone signaling networks. The integration of antioxidant defenses, nutrient homeostasis, and signaling networks is critical for plant resilience under abiotic stress. Multi-omics and advanced phenotyping provide actionable insights for developing nutrient-efficient, stress-tolerant crops. Coordinating redox and nutrient signaling pathways represents a promising strategy to translate molecular basis into agronomic solutions for sustaining productivity under climate change. • Integrated networks mediate plant responses to abiotic stress. • ROS act as adaptive signals but, in excess, damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. • Enzymatic and non-enzymatic networks protect plants from stress-induced damage. • Nutrients sustain key functions during adverse conditions. • Metal toxicity disrupts ion balance, photosynthesis, and increases oxidative stress. • Multi-omics reveal how mineral nutrition is regulated under stress.
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, the most common and prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally, with about 156 million cases annually. Trichomoniasis is a critical public health problem, and it is aggravated due to its association with a higher risk of HIV-1 acquisition and transmission and complications such as preterm delivery and pelvic inflammatory disease. This STI is treated mainly through the 5-nitroimidazole class, specifically metronidazole and tinidazole. However, drug resistance, which can represent between 5 and 20
Cytokines are small glycosylated polypeptides that orchestrate immune responses and are widely produced in recombinant form for therapeutic and research purposes. This review highlights Komagataella phaffii as an efficient host for the heterologous expression of recombinant cytokines from human and other species. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified studies addressing upstream and downstream processes involved in cytokine expression. Molecular design strategies such as codon optimization, vector design, and signal peptide selection are discussed together with process parameters including temperature, inducer concentration, and bioreactor conditions, as well as recovery and purification of biologically active cytokines. Optimal production is often associated using multi-copy vectors driven by the AOX1 promoter, α-factor secretion signals, methanol induction (0.5–1.5
Avian necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, poses a significant threat to the global poultry industry, exacerbated by rising antibiotic resistance. In this study, we applied a pangenome-guided reverse vaccinology approach to design a multi-epitope chimeric vaccine candidate. From the analysis of 45 genomes, our filtering pipeline identified three conserved and functionally synergistic target proteins: the type IV pilus assembly protein PilO and the prepilin peptidase-dependent protein A, both necessary for bacterial adhesion, and the regulatory protein MsrR, which is crucial for cell-wall integrity. High-affinity B-cell epitopes derived from these three proteins were assembled into an optimized chimeric construct. Structural modeling and molecular docking with Gallus gallus Toll-like receptors (TLRs) indicated strong binding affinity, while physicochemical analyses predicted high stability and antigenicity. We also propose an experimental validation plan encompassing recombinant production, formulation timeline, and in vivo endpoints in chickens, aligned with protein-based MEVs that have demonstrated efficacy in bacterial models. This work presents a rationally designed vaccine candidate that simultaneously targets the pathogen’s offensive (adhesion) and defensive (cell integrity) mechanisms, offering a robust computational framework to accelerate the development of antibiotic alternatives in poultry production.
