University of Adrar

This paper is concerned with a one-dimensional linear truncated thermoelastic Bresse system formed by two hyperbolic equations and one elliptic equation coupled with a heat equation of Fourier type. By exploiting some non classical differential operators, we prove the well posedness, using the semigroup theory. We then show that the system is exponentially stable if and only if the hyperbolic equations have the same speed of wave propogation. In the opposite case, we establish a polynomial decay. Moreover, we illustrate our results through some numerical tests.

Financial aid and subsidies for electricity are intended to mitigate the impact of energy bills on low-income households. Unfortunately, these subsidies can represent a significant financial burden for governments. By eliminating them, states can reduce their budget deficit and reallocate those funds to other priorities, such as education or health. Several methods and alternative solutions to avoid or reduce dependence on electricity subsidies can be considered, but they will need to be adapted to the specific context of each country or region. Promoting energy efficiency will help consumers to reduce their electricity consumption and offset price rises. The integration and investment in renewable energy are essential to diversify energy sources and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. These two actions can effectively reduce the need and dependence on subsidies by decreasing demand. Moreover, by implementing more rational aid programs instead of subsidizing fossil electricity for low-income households, it will be highly possible to encourage states to stabilize their budgets acceptably by reallocating funds to other priorities. This study aims to evaluate the energy and economic performance of the Algerian buildings. This paper quantitatively analyzes the financial and energy efficiency of buildings and, rehabilitation projects of single-family houses in all of Algeria's climatic regions. An assessment of the building's overall energy balance was the basis of the investigation method. According to the obtained results, the current state subsidy system will not have to be fully maintained. Eliminating or reducing electricity subsidies is a complex process that requires a thoughtful and gradual approach. It must be carried out gradually and accompanied by protective measures for vulnerable households. To avoid negative impacts on the purchasing power and well-being of citizens, these measures must be based, firstly, on specific and limited investments and financial aid according to climatic regions, unlike what they were at the beginning (unlimited); secondly, on the judicious integration of renewable energies; and thirdly, on strengthening energy efficiency. From a financial point of view, subsidies are significantly lower for lower cooling energy needs. By adopting rehabilitation measures, unsubsidized energy bills are lower than those corresponding to a conventional home without thermal rehabilitation and with subsidized bills. Subsidizing the thermal rehabilitation procedure, or subsidizing thermal rehabilitation, a suitable solar water heater and, a stand-alone, optimized and well-sized photovoltaic system at the same time, can be a good alternative for effectively reducing the need for and dependence on subsidies by reducing demand or getting rid of these subsidies altogether. The most suitable regions for financial assistance, ranked according to merit, are M'sila, Na & acirc;ma, Biskra, Bechar and, lastly, the Drabla climatic region.

The hypersaline and alkaline sebkhas of Adrar (Algeria) constitute extreme ecosystems that have remained largely unexplored. The objective was to isolate and to characterize various Bacillus strains extracted from these specific environments. Two polyextremophilic isolates, Bacillus tequilensis (KM9) and Bacillus paralicheniformis (KM2), were identified through the analysis of 16S rRNA phylogeny. Physiological testing demonstrated robust adaptations: Isolate KM9 exhibited a broad salinity range (ranging from 2 to 17.0% w/v NaCl, Sopt 6%) and strict alkaliphily (pHoptimum 9.5, with growth observed up to pH 11.0). In contrast, Isolate KM2 exhibited higher thermal tolerance (Tmaximum 50 degrees C, Toptimum 40 degrees C), while maintaining growth up to 20% NaCl and pH 10.5. Functional profiling via API ZYM (Analytical Profile Index ZYM) revealed Isolate KM9's N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity, whereas Isolate KM2 demonstrated a broad hydrolytic spectrum (including proteases and glycosidases) and potent antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (25 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20 mm), as well as showing 50% inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. These findings underscore the Adrar sebkhas as untapped reservoirs for diverse Bacillus strains. Their ability to remain active under simultaneous thermal, saline, and alkaline stress underscores their potential as sources of robust extremozymes and biocontrol agents for industrial biotechnology.

Constitutional justice in many countries faces multiple challenges that affect the effectiveness of constitutional oversight institutions and the extent to which the rule of law and democracy are enshrined. In this context, Algeria, influenced by the Arab Spring revolutions and following the example of some comparable constitutional systems, has sought to develop its system of constitutional justice through successive constitutional reforms, The most recent of these was the 2020 Constitution, which approved the transformation of the Constitutional Council into a Constitutional Court, to strengthen guarantees for the protection of the Constitution and expand the scope of constitutional oversight. Despite the importance of this transformation, it was not without problems that still raise questions about its effectiveness in achieving independent and effective constitutional justice, especially in light of the continuing dominance of the executive branch and the contradictions between the constitutional and regulatory provisions governing the Constitutional Court’s work. Based on this, this study aims to analyse the most prominent challenges facing constitutional justice in Algeria under the new constitution, using comparative constitutional systems that have been directly or indirectly affected by the Arab Spring, to highlight similarities and differences, and assess the adequacy of the guarantees adopted. The study also seeks to present a set of practical recommendations aimed at capitalising on this constitutional gain by avoiding the criticisms previously levelled at the Constitutional Council and closing the legal loopholes that may hinder the achievement of constitutional justice in line with the requirements of the rule of law.

Vinegar is a traditional fermented food of increasing industrial interest due to its nutritional, sensory, and bioactive properties. This study aimed to develop and optimize a controlled biotechnological process for vinegar production from the Algerian date cultivar Degla Beida, an abundant yet underexploited local resource. Indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from date fruits and Acetobacter sp. strains isolated from traditional date vinegar were employed as starter cultures in a two-stage submerged fermentation process, comprising alcoholic fermentation followed by acetic fermentation. Process optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Central Composite Design (CCD), evaluating the effects of initial alcoholic degree (4–10% v/v) and yeast extract supplementation (0.2–0.5 g/L). The statistical models showed excellent fitting and predictive reliability (p < 0.0001; R2 = 94.1–99.1%). Under optimal conditions (7% v/v initial alcohol, 0.2 g/L yeast extract, 30 °C, pH 5), the process yielded a maximum acetic acid concentration of 72 g/L after 11 days, with 80% fermentation efficiency and complete ethanol depletion. The optimized vinegar exhibited enhanced bioactive properties, with a total phenolic content of 620 mg GAE/100 mL and a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 78%, significantly higher than those of the unfermented juice. These results demonstrate the suitability of Degla Beida dates for vinegar production and highlight the potential of indigenous microbial resources for the sustainable valorization of local raw materials through controlled fermentation processes.