Abstract Soil–structure interaction (SSI) is an essential concept in earthquake engineering that explains how the ground and a structure influence each other during seismic shaking. While SSI can occasionally reduce structural demands, its overall impact is case-dependent and has contributed to observed damage in earthquakes such as Mexico (1985), Kobe (1995), and Adana–Ceyhan (1998). This study provides an evaluative review of SSI research, focusing on peer-reviewed studies employing advanced numerical modeling under dynamic seismic loading. Among the various approaches, the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the coupled Finite Element–Boundary Element Method (FEM–BEM) are the most widely adopted, mainly because of their strong theoretical foundation in continuum mechanics and their effectiveness in modeling wave propagation. Rising techniques such as the Finite–Discrete Element Method (FDEM) and the Applied Element Method (AEM) have gained attention for their ability to capture highly nonlinear behavior, including progressive collapse and soil discontinuities under extreme conditions. The review also identifies several key factors that govern SSI behavior, including the structure-to-soil stiffness ratio, building aspect ratio, and the proximity of seismic excitation frequencies to the coupled system’s natural frequency. Critical gaps in current research are also highlighted, emphasizing the need for large-scale shake-table and centrifuge experiments, investigations of fully saturated liquefiable soils, and simplified machine-learning-assisted design tools that translate complex numerical findings into practical engineering applications. By bringing together developments in numerical methods, key findings, and future research directions, this review aims to serve as a useful reference for both researchers and practicing engineers. An extensive bibliography is provided at the end, making this review a valuable resource for beginners in SSI.
This study presents an integrated assessment of natural radioactivity and associated radiological hazards in coastal sediments and marine biogenic materials from St. Martin's Island, the only coral island in Bangladesh. Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K (Bq/kg) showed clear matrix-dependent variations, with mean values of 19 +/- 1, 31 +/- 3, and 320 +/- 22 in sands; 20 +/- 1, 26 +/- 2, and 273 +/- 17 in rocks; 10 +/- 1, 12 +/- 1, and 150 +/- 10 in coral skeletons; and 10 +/- 1, 9 +/- 1, and 110 +/- 8 in seashells, respectively. Some of the sediment samples exhibited activity concentrations exceeding global average values, whereas all coral and seashell samples remained well below these reference levels. All evaluated radiological hazard indices were significantly lower than internationally recommended limits, indicating negligible radiological risk for residents, visitors, and associated personnel. This study provides the most comprehensive radiological baseline to date for St. Martin's Island by offering the first integrated comparison of abiotic (sand and rock) and biogenic (coral skeletons and seashells) marine matrices in the coastal environment. These findings establish a comprehensive radiological baseline that will support future environmental monitoring programs and radiological safety assessments in Bangladesh, particularly for coastal regions where natural and anthropogenic influences may evolve over time.
This study presents a comprehensive SCAPS-1D simulation of a lead-free double-perovskite solar cell based on NaZn0.7Ag0.3Br3 as the absorber layer. Various electron transport layers (CdZnS, MZO, Nb2O5, and SnS2) were systematically evaluated to optimize device performance. Among the investigated configurations, the FTO/SnS2/NaZn0.7Ag0.3Br3/CuAlO2/Pt structure exhibited superior photovoltaic characteristics due to improved band alignment and reduced recombination losses. Under ideal radiative-loss-free conditions (B = 0), a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.56% was obtained. However, after incorporating a realistic radiative recombination coefficient (B = 2.3 & times; 10(-9) cm(3)/s), the optimized device achieved a PCE of 29.92%, with minimal variation in short-circuit current density and a moderate reduction in open-circuit voltage. The results confirm that the proposed lead-free perovskite configuration maintains strong photovoltaic performance under physically realistic recombination conditions, highlighting its potential for high-efficiency and environmentally benign solar cell applications.
The Linguistic Human Rights (LHRs) paradigm is motivated by the desire to combat linguistic discrimination, where speakers of discriminated languages find themselves unable to use their preferred language in society at large. However, in an increasingly globalised world where speakers may feel the need or the desire to travel across state boundaries, there is a question about the transposability of LHRs. This paper first considers the human rights discourse, and shows that problems in this discourse are inherited by and exacerbated in the LHRs paradigm, in no small part because its conception of language draws on an ideology of monolingualism. But since a world of mobile humans is one that is fundamentally plurilingual, what is therefore needed is a greater emphasis on the notion of a social language, which provides a more robust understanding of the nature of language, especially in a world where people tend to move around a lot.
This study presents a comprehensive theoretical investigation of the conformational landscape, thermodynamic, electronic, photophysical behavior, and radiative lifetime of the aniline monohydrated dimer cluster (An2W1) using DFT and TD-DFT approaches at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level. Conformational analysis identified eight distinct conformers, with conformer 01 being the most stable due to strong O–H···N, N···O–H, and N–H···N hydrogen bonding interactions. Thermodynamic parameters revealed minimal variations across conformers, though conformer 01 exhibited the lowest dipole moment and entropy, confirming its high stability. Vibrational infrared (IR) analysis confirmed the existence of hydrogen bonding in conformer 01, with the calculated frequencies correlating closely with the experimental results. UV/Vis absorption spectra showed significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transitions, with notable redshifts and large Stokes shifts, particularly in conformer 08, indicating twisted ICT states. Fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes were computed using oscillator strengths and transition energies, revealing that conformer 04 had the longest fluorescence lifetime (32.44 ns), and conformer 07 exhibited the longest phosphorescence lifetime (9.924 µs). These findings confirm that the position of water and weak non-covalent interactions significantly influence photophysical responses and excited-state dynamics. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and chemical reactivity descriptor analysis revealed a correlation between energy gap and chemical stability. NBO, QTAIM and RDG-NCI analyses further confirmed stabilizing donor–acceptor, H-bonding and van der Waals interactions. These findings offer comprehensive insight into the structure–property relationships of An2W1 clusters and their potential in in molecular photonics and photophysical applications.
