Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers have rapidly emerged over the past year as a widely adopted way to enable Large Language Model (LLM) agents to access dynamic, real-world tools. As MCP servers proliferate and become easy to adopt via open-source releases, understanding their security risks becomes essential for dependable production agent deployments. Recent work has developed MCP threat taxonomies, proposed mitigations, and demonstrated practical attacks. However, to the best of our knowledge, no prior study has conducted a systematic, large-scale assessment of weaknesses in open-source MCP servers. Motivated by this gap, we apply static code analysis to identify Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) weaknesses and map them to common attack patterns and threat categories using the MITRE Common Attack Pattern Enumerations and Classifications (CAPEC) to ground risk in real-world threats. We then introduce a risk-assessment framework for the MCP landscape that combines these threats using a multi-metric scoring of likelihood and impact. Our findings show that many open-source MCP servers contain exploitable weaknesses that can compromise confidentiality, integrity, and availability, underscoring the need for secure-by-design MCP server development.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a leading cause of global disability. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and High-Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) are widely used for pain relief, yet their comparative effectiveness remains unclear, warranting further investigation. This systematic review aims to compare the effectiveness of HILT and LLLT in the treatment of MSDs. A systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing HILT and LLLT in MSDs was conducted across Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Cochrane Library, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and Google Scholar (last updated on December 13, 2025). Pain intensity was the primary outcome, whereas disability and range of motion (ROM) were secondary outcomes. A meta-analysis was conducted using mean differences (MDs) for pain intensity outcomes (Visual Analogue Scale [VAS], Numeric Pain Rating Scale [NPRS], and the KOOS pain subscale) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for disability and range of motion (ROM) to compare the effects of HILT and LLLT. A network meta-analysis was subsequently performed to compare and rank the relative effectiveness of all laser-based treatment modalities, whether applied alone or in combination with other therapeutic interventions. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and the certainty of the evidence was evaluated according to the GRADE approach. Twenty-two RCTs (n = 1,353) were included, with 575 participants receiving HILT and 778 receiving control interventions, including LLLT (n = 526), placebo laser (n = 216), and active non-laser treatments (n = 82). The overall risk-of-bias assessment indicated that 54.5
While ΛCDM provides a good fit to cosmological data, it fails to address many of the outstanding questions in contemporary cosmology. Chief among these are the Hubble tension and the apparent dynamical nature of dark energy as inferred from the recent DESI DR2 analysis. In this work, we analyze a field-theoretic description of cosmology where both dark energy and dark matter are interacting spin zero fields. We give a thorough study of a wide range of the interaction strength and demonstrate the effect on the dark energy equation of state and the Hubble tension. Using the recent cosmological data, we extract constraints on cosmological parameters including the free parameters of the model.
An analysis is given of interacting dark energy and dark matter where the dark energy is assumed to be an ultralight axionic field with a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone Boson potential which is in general a superposition of N number of cosine terms motivated by supergravity and string models with a U(1) global symmetry, where the symmetry is broken by instanton effects. The case N=2 is investigated in detail and a fit to cosmological data is performed where it is found that a better fit is obtained in comparison with the N=1 case. The fits also constrain high scale parameters, i.e., the axion decay constant which is determined to be sub-Planckian, a result consistent with string theory that disfavors trans-Planckian axion decay constant. Furthermore, the dark energy-dark matter interaction strength is constrained to be feeble, i.e., λ≲ 4× 10^-6 m_ Pl^-2 Mpc^-2. We study possible implications of this type of potential on the Hubble tension and on the dynamics of the dark energy equation of state using the DESI-DR2 data. For the cases N=3,4, the analysis exhibits the phenomenon of transmutation even in the absence of coupling to dark matter, where thawing quintessence transmutes to freezing quintessence. The analysis is internally consistent in its treatment of the dark energy-dark matter interaction as it is based on an underlying Lagrangian, in contrast with several previous works where the sources are chosen in an ad hoc manner to satisfy energy conservation.
OBJECTIVE:This study focused on the implementation of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), an evidence-based treatment for youths with nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation, in a psychiatric residential treatment center (RTC) for children and adolescents who have complex psychological, psychiatric, substance use, and developmental disorders. METHODS:In a pilot hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial, the authors compared functioning scores of adolescent patients who received DBT (N=113) with the scores of those who received treatment as usual (N=114) in an RTC. Data were collected from 227 adolescents admitted to the RTC over a 2-year period (July 2018-June 2020). Chi-square and t-test analyses were used to explore demographic differences and differences in functioning between the two groups. RESULTS:Adolescents in the DBT group demonstrated improved overall functioning between admission and discharge, but analyses indicated a nonsignificant difference between adolescents who received DBT and those who received treatment as usual. CONCLUSIONS:This nonrandomized study suggests that DBT may be a useful psychotherapeutic treatment for adolescents, although findings are preliminary.
