The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal[a] public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degree-awarding examination board for students holding certificates from University College London and King's College London and "other such other Institutions, corporate or unincorporated, as shall be established for the purpose of Education, whether within the Metropolis or elsewhere within our United Kingdom". This fact allows it to be one of three institutions to claim the title of the third-oldest university in England,[b] and moved to a federal structure in 1900. It is now incorporated by its fourth (1863) royal charter and governed by the University of London Act 2018.It was the first university in the United Kingdom to introduce examinations for women in 1869 and, a decade later, the first to admit women to degrees. In 1913, it appointed Caroline Spurgeon as only the second female professor at a British university, and in 1948 was the first British university to appoint a woman as its vice chancellor (chief executive).[c] The university's member institutions house the oldest teaching hospitals in England.The university consists of 17 member institutions and three central academic bodies. The university has around 48,000 distance learning external students and campus-based internal students, making it the largest university by number of students in the United Kingdom. For most practical purposes, ranging from admissions to funding, the member institutions operate on an independent basis, with many awarding their own degrees whilst remaining in the federal university. The largest colleges by enrolment are UCL, King's College London, City, Queen Mary, Birkbeck, the London School of Economics, Royal Holloway, and Goldsmiths, each of which has over 9,000 students. Smaller, more specialist, colleges are the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), St George's (medicine), the Royal Veterinary College, London Business School, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Academy of Music, the Courtauld Institute of Art, and the Institute of Cancer Research. Imperial College London was formerly a member from 1907 before it became an independent university in 2007, and Heythrop College was a member from 1970 until its closure in 2018. City is the most recent constituent college, having joined on 1 September 2016. Under the 2018 act, member institutions ceased to be termed colleges and gained the right to seek university status without having to leave the federal university: Birkbeck, City, Goldsmiths’, King's College London, the LSE, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Queen Mary, the Royal Veterinary College, Royal Holloway, SOAS, St George's and UCL have all indicated that they intend to do so.As of 2015, there are around 2 million University of London alumni across the world, including 12 monarchs or royalty, more than 60[d] presidents or prime ministers in the world (including 1 prime minister of the United Kingdom),[e] 85 Nobel laureates,[f] 5 Fields Medallists, 4 Turing Award winners, 6 Grammy winners, 2 Oscar winners, 3 Olympic gold medalists and the "Father of the Nation" of several countries.[g] The university owns University of London Press..
Robust design optimisation (RDO) of performance-based seismic design (PBSD) has been established as a rigorous approach for obtaining optimal solutions that are minimally sensitive to record-to-record (RTR) variability of ground motions used in nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA). However, this method is not able to explicitly account for the suite-to-suite (STS) variability due to the epistemic uncertainties associated with ground motion selection, especially when each suite is selected and scaled based on the requirements of the seismic design codes currently in force. To account for this uncertainty, this paper proposes a novel formulation for robust optimisation, which explicitly accounts for ground motion suite variability. In this method, one objective is to minimise the dispersion in the probability of limit state violation due to STS variability and the other objective is to minimise the economic costs. To increase the computational efficiency of the proposed method, surrogate seismic demand models are developed and applied to assess the probability of limit state violation. The application of the proposed framework is demonstrated using a case study of a typical reinforced concrete (RC) highway bridge with cylindrical piers, and the ability of the RDO framework to account for the STS variability is discussed. Finally, the Pareto-optimal solutions obtained from the proposed approach are compared with those given by the conventional RDO approach.
In the years between Ukraine’s Maidan Revolution (2013-14) and the Kremlin’s full-scale invasion (2022), Ukrainian theater-makers revolutionized their country’s culture of performance practice. After the occupation of Crimea and the start of the war in Donbas, theater artists increasingly began using their craft as a form of civic activism. Among the most distinct expressions of Ukraine’s re-envisioning of its national theater practice during these years was a notable interest in documentary theater. This co-authored chapter analyzes Ukrainian documentary theater both before and after 2022. It illustrates how the form came to constitute a form of anticolonial resistance and made an important contribution to the country’s remarkable culture of defiance and resilience in the face of Russian aggression.
This paper reports a preliminary evaluation of the Y/N technique for producing tests of vocabulary knowledge. The results obtained suggest advantages over the more traditional multiple choice format for testing vocabulary.
This chapter presents the author's view on epistemology. This chapter introduces the author's various theses, and his explanation of the third world and the world of objective contents of thought, especially of scientific and poetic thoughts and of works of art. A biological approach to the third world is provided in the chapter to defend the existence of an autonomous world by a kind of biological or evolutionary argument. The chapter illustrates the objectivity and the autonomy of this third world. With the evolution of the argumentative function of language, criticism becomes the main instrument of further growth. The autonomous world of the higher functions of language becomes the world of science. The chapter provides an appreciation and criticism of Brouwer's epistemology and discusses the logic and the biology of discovery. It presents the concept of discovery, humanism, and self-transcendence.
Sleep problems constitute a risk for depression. However, it is unclear if persistent sleep problems in childhood are associated with enduring depression symptoms in emerging adulthood and the mechanisms underlying this. Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort were used to examine associations between persistent sleep problems across childhood and persistent depression across adolescence and emerging adulthood, and whether inflammation mediates this link. Predictors were parental report of the child’s nighttime sleep duration and midpoint of sleep (MPS), from 6 months to 6–7 years old. Our outcome was self-reported persistent higher depression symptoms, between 13 and 22 years. Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) was used to detect trajectories for sleep duration, MPS, and depression symptoms and used in subsequent logistic regression analyses. Path analyses explored whether C-Reactive Protein [CRP] and Interleukin-6 [IL-6] at age 9 mediated the relationships between exposures and outcome. Data were available on 6,785 participants. Three separate LCGAs revealed distinct trajectories of interest: (a) persistent shorter nighttime sleep, (b) persistent later MPS, and (c) persistent higher depression symptoms. Children with persistent shorter nighttime sleep were at higher risk of persistent higher depression (OR = 1.94, 95
