Modern programming languages, most notably Rust, offer advanced linguistic constructs for building highly configurable software systems as aggregations of features—identified by a configuration. However, they pose substantial challenges for program analysis, optimization, and testing, as the combinatorial explosion of configurations often makes exhaustive exploration infeasible. In this manuscript, we present the first compiler-based method for prioritizing configurations. Our approach consists of four main steps: (1) extracting a tailored intermediate representation from the Rust compiler, (2) constructing two complementary graph-based data structures—a feature dependency graph capturing inter-feature code-level dependencies weighted by predicate structure, and an atom dependency tree encoding the extent of code governed by each feature—, (3) using centrality measures to rank features, and (4) refining the ranking by considering the extent of code they impact. A fixed number of most relevant configurations are generated based on the achieved feature ranking. The validity of the generated configurations is guaranteed by using a SAT solver that takes a representation of feature dependencies in conjunctive normal form. We formalized this approach and implemented it in a prototype, RustyEx, by instrumenting the Rust compiler. An empirical evaluation on higher-ranked open-source Rust projects shows that RustyEx efficiently generates user-specified sets of configurations within bounded resources, while ensuring soundness by construction. The results demonstrate that centrality-guided configuration prioritization enables practical exploration of large configuration spaces, and we discuss the implications and open challenges for future configuration-aware analysis and optimization.
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that affects approximately 50 million individuals worldwide. Current treatments mainly alleviate symptoms and have substantial adverse effects, with about 1/3 of patients not responding to existing medications. This underscores the urgent need for new drugs that can overcome these challenges. According to recent studies, the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway play an important role in epileptogenesis. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and c-fos are also involved in neuronal excitability and seizure-induced neuronal changes. The purpose of the present study was to examine the anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic activities of 3,4-dimethoxyacetophenone (3,4-DMA) in the acute seizure and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling models of epilepsy and to elucidate related molecular changes of BDNF, c-fos, and JAK-2/STAT-3 signaling pathways. 3,4-DMA was first evaluated in an acute seizure model, followed by a kindling model of epilepsy in mice. The effects of 3,4-DMA on BDNF, c-fos, and JAK-2/STAT-3 were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results showed that 3,4-DMA significantly reduced seizure scores in a PTZ-induced kindling model. BDNF, c-fos, and JAK-2/STAT-3 were significantly upregulated in both the cortical and hippocampal tissues in PTZ-control mice. Conversely, treatment with 3,4-DMA attenuated this overexpression in the cortex and hippocampus. In conclusion, 3,4-DMA has antiepileptogenic effect as evidenced by a reduction in the expression of BDNF, c-fos and the JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway components. So, it can be a promising therapeutic candidate in the treatment of epilepsy. However, future studies measuring p-JAK-2 and p-STAT-3 will be required to confirm pathway activation status.
Research on soil health, fertility, and climate change primarily focuses on soil organic carbon (SOC), while overlooking soil inorganic carbon (SIC), which is widespread in arid environments. Reliable analyses of SOC and SIC, along with their natural C-13 isotopic abundances, are critical but remain questionable. The SOC and SIC are determined by applying a pretreatment to eliminate either of them. Acidification to remove SIC is a well-established approach for determining SOC; SIC is then calculated as the difference between total carbon (TC) and SOC. Determination of SIC by heating soil (550 degrees C) to remove SOC is less explored. The present study compared these two methods and their C-13 content across 160 soils from three continents. Heating was acceptable for SOC-and SIC-rich soils, dominated by lithogenic SIC, with similar calculated and measured SIC and C-13-SIC values, suggesting that either method might be used. However, for soils with low SIC (<6 g kg(-1) soil), high SOC/TC ratios (>0.6), and some pedogenic SIC, neither method was entirely satisfactory. Methodological development is needed for SIC-poor soils; however, because interactions between SOC and SIC challenged their strict separation, further research is required to define and quantify these specific interactions.
Objectives: To investigate the incidence, timing, and neurophysiological characteristics of focal upper limb peripheral nerve injury (PNI) related to positional brachial plexus involvement after prone positioning in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods: Prospective single-centre observational cohort study conducted in the ICU of an academic tertiary-level hospital in Milan (Italy), between April 2022 and September 2025. All adult patients with ARDS requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and treated with prone positioning were screened. Patients underwent predefined longitudinal neurophysiological assessments at baseline, after each prone positioning cycle and before ICU discharge, whenever feasible. Focal upper limb PNI was defined using specific electrodiagnostic criteria. Cumulative incidence analyses accounted for ICU death as a competing event. Results: Overall, 128 prone positioning cycles were performed in 54 patients. Focal upper limb PNI occurred in 11 patients (20.4%; 95% CI 10.6-33.5), after a median of 2 prone positioning cycles (IQR 1-3) and 36 h (IQR 21-50) of cumulative prone exposure. By day 28, the estimated cumulative incidence was 29.1% (95% CI 11.6-46.7), rising to 42.7% (95% CI 17.6-67.9) in patients exposed to at least one uninterrupted prone cycle lasting >= 24 h, compared with 8.6% (95% CI 0-20.4) in patients with shorter exposure (p = 0.047). Among prone positioningrelated complications, pressure ulcers were the most frequent, occurring in 40.7% (22/54) of patients and predominantly involving the facial region, whereas no vascular access loss or accidental endotracheal tube displacement were recorded. Conclusions: Focal upper limb PNI was a frequent, clinically relevant, and potentially under-recognised complication of prolonged prone positioning in patients with ARDS. Implications for clinical practice: A prone positioning bundle should include systematic upper limb surveillance, repeated reassessment of limb, head and shoulder alignment, and early detection of focal asymmetric upper limb weakness, particularly during uninterrupted prone cycles lasting 24 h or longer.
This study examines explosive price dynamics consistent with bubble-like behavior in clean and renewable energy ETFs, index, and equities compared to traditional energy counterparts, using the Generalized Supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller (GSADF) test across four subperiods: Pre-Paris Agreement, Paris Agreement, COVID-19, and Russia-Ukraine War. Using daily price data for clean energy assets (ICLN, QCLN, CELS, ENPH, AEIS) and traditional energy assets (VDE, IXC, XLE, USEG), the analysis reveals pronounced prevalence of explosive price episodes in clean energy markets, with 76.55% of explosive price episodes in the Pre-agreement period and 72.66% during COVID-19, consistent with speculative dynamics. Traditional energy assets exhibit greater resilience, with limited explosive episodes, notably only USEG during the Russia-Ukraine War. The novel segmented subperiod approach, combined with GSADF’s precise bubble date-stamping of explosive episodes, distinguishes this study by offering granular insights into sector-specific vulnerabilities, unlike prior broader analyses. The findings indicate that selected clean energy instruments exhibited more frequent explosive price episodes during crisis periods than their traditional energy counterparts, a pattern that may inform risk assessment and further research relevant to SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action) but does not by itself warrant specific investment or policy recommendations.
