Learning ObjectivesAfter studying this article, the participant should be able to (1) understand the incidence and trends of pediatric head and neck cancer; (2) identify the common tumors that present in the head and neck region; (3) describe the risk factors and pathogenesis associated with these malignancies, to identify children at risk; and (4) describe and understand the common presentations of these tumors to gain confidence in diagnosing these patients early in practice.SummaryPediatric head and neck malignancies are rare; however, their incidence is rising rapidly, with an incidence of 3.29 diagnoses per 100,000 person-years. These malignancies often present with nonspecific symptoms distinct from adults, making early diagnosis more challenging. Recognizing early symptoms in children is essential to improve treatment and long-term outcomes. This review discusses the incidence, pathogenesis, classification, and presentation of the common pediatric head and neck malignancies, including lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, thyroid carcinoma, salivary gland malignancies, bone malignancies, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and melanoma.
In educational testing, differential item functioning (DIF) examines whether item parameters differ across examinee characteristics. In this study, DIF is viewed not as bias but as item parameter heterogeneity reflecting differential engagement with related subskills. Using recursive partitioning based on parametric logistic item response theory (PL IRTree) models, this study investigated item functioning heterogeneity in a high-stakes reading comprehension test regarding vocabulary, grammar, and gender based on responses of 14,936 examinees. The comparison of Rasch tree, 2PL, 3PL, and 4PL IRTrees showed that the Rasch tree could better capture the structure of the data. The Educational Testing Service (ETS) classification scheme using the Mantel-Haenszel log odds ratio was then used to quantify effect sizes. The Rasch tree yielded 11 nodes, indicating subgroup differences in item difficulty, with seven items showing moderate parameter variation across five nodes. Except for one vocabulary-focused item showing systematic sensitivity to vocabulary knowledge, item parameter variation associated with lexico-grammatical knowledge was small, suggesting limited heterogeneity attributable to these subskills. Gender-related differences in item functioning appeared only within a subgroup of examinees with relatively high grammar-vocabulary scores. PL IRTree models can reveal item-level heterogeneity and the role of correlated subskills in shaping reading comprehension item functioning.
Drawing on contingency theory and platform theory, this scoping review examines how supply chain structures, product characteristics, and platform features shape the adoption and effectiveness of social media marketing (SMM) in agriculture across diverse geographical and sectoral contexts. Analyzing 60 peer-reviewed studies (2019–2024), we identify significant geographical disparities: Asia dominates SMM research (52
PurposeThis study explores how the ease of use of QR codes shapes memorable experiences, customer satisfaction, and loyalty among seniors in hospitality, using cognitive load theory (CLT). It examines how intuitive digital interfaces reduce cognitive effort, mitigate anger, and enhance emotional engagement, thereby fostering loyalty in an aging market.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods approach integrates semi-structured interviews and a quantitative survey to investigate seniors' interactions with QR codes in hospitality settings. Qualitative data reveal emotional and experiential responses, while quantitative analysis tests relationships between ease of use, satisfaction, memorable experiences, anger, and loyalty, grounded in CLT.FindingsThe study found that ease of use of QR codes significantly reduces cognitive load and anger while strongly enhancing memorable experiences among older adults in hospitality settings. Memorable experiences and reduced anger both positively contribute to higher customer satisfaction (with anger acting as a negative mediator and memorable experiences as a positive one), and customer satisfaction in turn drives greater loyalty. Overall, intuitive QR code design emerged as a key factor for creating empowering, emotionally positive, and loyalty-building experiences for seniors.Practical implicationsHospitality practitioners should implement senior-friendly QR codes (minimum 2-3 cm, high contrast = 4.5:1, colored frames; post-scan: large fonts = 16 pt, simple navigation) and always provide printed menus plus proactive, empathetic staff support. These Web Content Accessibility Guidelines-grounded, low-cost strategies address age-related barriers, reduce frustration, and enhance memorable experiences, satisfaction, and loyalty.Originality/valueThis study extends CLT by linking cognitive ease to emotional memory in seniors, enriching emotional mediation models in hospitality. It challenges assumptions of seniors' technological disengagement, highlighting how intuitive digital tools enhance engagement. In practice, it offers strategies for senior-friendly digital interfaces and staff training to create inclusive experiences, enabling hospitality firms to leverage technology for a competitive advantage in an aging market.
Landscape modifications produce a myriad of long-lasting ecological and cultural legacies. In some cases, such practices may necessitate the need for proprietorship systems and cooperation among actors and institutions, particularly if these modifications lead to more favorable habitats. In Tampa Bay, Indigenous shell-terraforming generated conditions more suitable for tidal wetland habitats that descendants would have benefited from. We suggest that the recognition of ancestrally engineered landscapes may have been a motivator for negotiating sea tenure systems during public events like mound building. To explore this, we examine variations in mollusk size, species compositions, and oyster geochemistry between domestic and public contexts from five precolonial sites in two sub-basins in the Tampa Bay Estuary to elucidate potential harvesting regulations and tenure systems used in the management of mollusks between ca. AD 200 and 1000. Many of the observed differences in species composition and shell size between public and domestic contexts were minor. Still, dissimilarities in the season and environment of oyster harvests within and between site contexts were stronger and provided insights into shellfishing, site formations, and intra-site variation in ceremonialism that may reflect sea tenure systems. We interpret these patterns as resilient and flexible management institutions that spanned almost a millennium and contributed to sustainable oyster harvests and the persistent occupation of two villages fronting ancestrally generated estuarine sub-basins.
