Background. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance, leading to persistent hyperglycemia and multiple complications. Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, many patients fail to achieve optimal metabolic control, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Aim. The aim of this study was to present the current state of knowledge regarding cotadutide as a potential therapeutic option in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, with particular emphasis on its mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profile. Materials and methods. A narrative review of available literature was conducted, including clinical trials, meta-analyses, and preclinical studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of cotadutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Results. Cotadutide is a dual GLP-1 and glucagon agonist, that demonstrates a significant improvement regarding glycemia, body weight reduction and positive influence on metabolic parameters, in comparison to placebo. Clinical trials showed decrease in HbA1c, body weight and albuminuria, as well as potential benefits in liver and kidney function. The most common adverse effects involve the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusions. Cotadutide is a promising factor in diabetes type 2 treatment. It shows a broad spectrum of positive effects on metabolic parameters. However, further analysis and large-scale, long-term studies are required to establish its efficacy and safety.
5059 Background: Patients with NEPC are often treated with platinum-based chemotherapy but novel therapies with favorable efficacy and safety profiles are needed. Cohort I of the phase 1b/2 KEYNOTE-365 study (NCT02861573) was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adding pembro to chemo in participants (pts) with NEPC. Preliminary data are presented. Methods: Adultpts with pathologically (morphology and immunohistochemistry) confirmed treatment-emergent (t-NE) or de novo metastatic NEPC (small cell, large cell, or mixed morphology per central review), disease progression ≤6 mo before screening, and ECOG PS of 0 or 1, with or without prior androgen deprivation therapy, are included. Enrollment is ongoing. Prior treatment (Tx) with ≤2 chemo regimens for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and ≤2 next-generation hormonal agents are allowed. Prior Tx with platinum-containing regimens is not permitted. Pts are randomly assigned 1:1 to receive 4-6 cycles of carboplatin AUC 5 IV on day 1 Q3W + etoposide 100 mg/m 2 IV on days 1-3 Q3W with or without pembro 200 mg IV Q3W for ≤35 cycles. Primary end points are safety, ORR per RECIST v1.1 by blinded independent central review (BICR), and confirmed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate (≥50% decrease from baseline [BL] measured twice ≥3 wk apart). Secondary end points include rPFS per PCWG3-modified RECIST v1.1 by BICR and OS. No formal hypothesis testing was performed. Results: As of August 26, 2024, 40 pts have been randomized; 19 pts received ≥1 dose of pembro + chemo and 18 pts ≥1 dose of chemo. Of treated pts, 29 (78%) had t-NE. Median follow-up was 11.7 mo (range, 0.5-28.7); 7 and 2 pts remain on Tx with pembro + chemo or chemo, respectively. For pts with RECIST-measurable disease, confirmed ORR was 33% (6/18; 95% CI, 13-59; 6 partial responses [PRs]) with pembro + chemo versus 6% (1/16; 0-30; 1 PR) with chemo. For pts with a BL PSA measurement, confirmed PSA response rate was 37% (7/19; 95% CI, 16-62) versus 18% (3/17; 4-43). In all treated pts, median rPFS was 5.1 mo (95% CI, 3.9-8.1) with pembro + chemo versus 4.0 mo (2.0-4.3) with chemo; 6-mo rPFS rate was 49% versus 21%. Median OS was 11.4 mo (95% CI, 5.1-not reached) versus 7.8 mo (3.6-8.5); 6-mo OS rate was 80% versus 65%. Grade 3 or 4 Tx-related AEs (TRAEs) occurred in 58% of pts with pembro + chemo versus 78% with chemo, most commonly anemia (32% vs 39%); no grade 5 TRAEs occurred. Immune-mediated AEs and infusion reactions occurred in 32% of pts with pembro + chemo versus 11% with chemo, most commonly hyperthyroidism (16% vs 6%) and infusion reactions (16% vs 6%). Conclusions: Based on these preliminary data in pts with NEPC, the addition of pembro to chemo is associated with promising efficacy outcomes compared with chemo alone and does not result in new or unexpected safety signals. Updated data from cohort I will be presented at the meeting. Clinical trial information: NCT02861573 .
The basic condition for well-conducted microscopic parasitological diagnostics is the correct preparation of preparations intended for evaluation. The article contains detailed, accessible instructions on examination methods, including the correct preparation of smears: blood, bone marrow, and stool intended for direct parasitological examinations. It also presents the most important methods of staining these materials, tested by us, and instructions for the preparation of basic fixatives used in parasitological examinations. It also describes the most commonly used methods of in vitro culture of intestinal nematode larvae and amphizoic amoebas. In addition, it describes how to view the prepared preparations, and the notes and comments contain practical advice and explanations of some procedures for diagnosticians performing the examinations. The information contained in the work should be helpful, especially for less experienced diagnosticians, in their daily practice in parasitological medical laboratories.
Konstytucja RP w art. 63 stanowi o prawie każdego do składania skarg, wniosków i petycji do organów władzy publicznej oraz do organizacji i instytucji społecznych w związku z wykonywaniem przez nie zadań zleconych z zakresu administracji publicznej. Pomiędzy powołanym prawem a partycypacją w samorządzie terytorialnym istnieje ścisły związek, gdyż mieszkańcy, wnosząc skargi, wnioski czy petycje do organów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, angażują te podmioty w wykonywanie określonych działań. W niniejszym artykule autor scharakteryzował to prawo, przedstawił jego funkcje oraz podjął próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy obecna regulacja prawna jest wystarczająca w kontekście partycypacji społeczeństwa w samorządzie terytorialnym, czy też wymaga odpowiednich zmian.
In recent years, works have been published analyzing the psychological aspect of the epidemic and quarantine on the health of the population. Research shows that the psychological and social factors in particular fear of threat due to prolonged COVID-19 pandemic affected the mental and physical health of the population years after it ended. According to the 2022 assessment, the global prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression has increased 25 percent. In conclusion, it can be said that this is a wake-up call for all countries to pay more attention and better support the mental health of their populations. According to WHO, one of the main reasons for this increase is stress caused by social isolation and inability to work or participate in social life. Additional factors that affect the mental health of the population include fear of infection, death of loved ones and financial worries. Physical activity and exercise can have immediate and long term benefits, most importantly they improve the quality of life. However, COVID-19 negatively impacted the physical activity of many people. During the pandemic, despite free time, few people decided to spend their time actively due to fear of coronavirus infection. During the COVID-19 pandemic a balanced diet needed to be combined with a regular exercise routine, as the prevalence of overweight among children and adolescence has risen dramatically in Poland. It is important to limit the time spent in front of a computer or TV to no more than two hours a day. Physical activity and exercise are the best therapy for most chronic diseases as they have a positive impact on mental and physical health.
