Boiling point (BP) is a key thermophysical parameter for solvents, yet predictive relationships developed from broad molecular datasets often lose reliability in the functionally constrained solvents. Here, a classical surface-based BP equation was evaluated using film-processing solvents from the Y6 and ITIC systems in organic photovoltaics. By combining error-source analysis, descriptor screening and model comparison within a unified descriptor space, the failure of the original relationship was shown to arise primarily from an incomplete controlling-descriptor space rather than from the simplicity of the equation form. The refined D20 model achieved the best balance of accuracy, stability and applicability. Once the key descriptors were correctly identified, a compact linear model was sufficient to recover the main BP relationship, whereas the benefit of further increasing sample size rapidly approached a plateau. These results show that, within the investigated OPV solvent subspace and under small-sample conditions, the physical interpretability of descriptors plays a more critical role than model complexity.
Natural wetlands serve as important global carbon sinks and play a critical role in regulating greenhouse gas emissions. However, the widespread conversion of wetlands into paddy fields has raised concerns, and its impacts on ecosystem net carbon fluxes, as well as the associated soil environmental and microbial regulatory mechanisms, remain insufficiently understood. In this study, natural wetlands and their converted paddy fields in the Tumen River Basin of China were selected to systematically evaluate the effects of land-use change on soil microbial communities and greenhouse gas (CH4 and CO2) fluxes. In natural wetlands, CH4 exhibited net emission, whereas CO2 showed net uptake. After conversion to paddy fields, CH4 remained a net emission but with significantly reduced flux, while CO2 shifted from net uptake to net emission, indicating a fundamental alteration in carbon balance. The conversion from wetlands to paddy fields significantly altered the composition and diversity of methanogenic and methanotrophic communities, accompanied by changes in the contribution of microbial communities to net ecosystem CH4 and CO2 fluxes. This land-use transformation was likely associated with a shift in the regulatory mechanism of net ecosystem carbon fluxes, from a predominantly microbially mediated biotic process toward a regulation pattern more strongly influenced by abiotic factors, particularly external inputs. Overall, the conversion of natural wetlands to paddy fields modifies net ecosystem carbon flux by restructuring the coupling between microbial communities and the soil environment. Based on these findings, management practices such as optimizing irrigation regimes (e.g., intermittent irrigation and mid-season drainage) to regulate soil redox conditions, and rationally controlling nitrogen fertilizer inputs to reduce excessive external nutrient disturbances, can be adopted to adjust the relative role of microorganisms in regulating net ecosystem carbon fluxes.
Precision measurement has been a driving force in physics, from the uncertainty principle to modern quantum sensing, enabling the exploration of phenomena across microscopic and cosmic scales. We demonstrate significant sensitivity enhancement in a two-mode continuous-variable bosonic system by leveraging a first-order superradiant phase transition (SPT) induced by parametric nonlinearity. The SPT causes the divergence of quantum fluctuations, enhancing the sensitivity. We characterize the sensitivity through a dimensionless quantum Fisher information. Compared to a continuous-variable system without SPT, the sensitivity near the critical point exhibits an enhancement of three orders of magnitude. The universal theory represents a truly macroscopic quantum detection approach that can be demonstrated in general quantum systems and applied to a variety of nonlinear models.
Bell state and W state are not just common entangled states, they are foundational resources in the field of quantum information. In this scheme, a Rydberg atomic ensemble with a four-level "N"-shaped structure is confined within a Rydberg blockade sphere to form a superatom. Exploiting the unique advantages of the weak cavity field limit, the quantum information can be encoded with reliability on the superatom's effective energy levels. By integrating the methods of quantum Zeno dynamics (QZD) and Lewis-Riesenfeld (LR) invariants, the Bell state, three-qubit W state, and -qubit W state are prepared rapidly. Furthermore, the influences exerted by decoherence factors are also factored in. Numerical simulations confirm that the present scheme not only achieves high fidelities but also exhibits robustness against these decoherence factors. Finally, we further investigate the influences of parameter fluctuations on fidelities, and the results demonstrate that the fidelities of the proposed scheme remain robust against parameter fluctuations.
We investigate the localization manipulation of skin and in-gap states in a one-dimensional nonreciprocal microring coupled-resonator optical waveguide array, where topological features of non-Hermitian phases emerge through modulated next-nearest-neighbor hopping. The non-Hermitian skin effect demonstrates both bidirectional and unidirectional localization behaviors within specific parameter regimes of next-nearest-neighbor hopping, as evidenced by the wave function distribution of the system. This distinctive localization facilitates an effective separation between in-gap states containing zero and nonzero energy edge states from bulk states, establishing a practical approach for the experimental observation of non-Hermitian topological phases. Through disorder analysis, we reveal the counterintuitive phenomenon that the localization of nonzero energy edge states strengthens with increasing next-nearest-neighbor disorder intensity. Additionally, we characterize skin transitions via spectral winding number calculations under periodic boundary conditions and construct a comprehensive skin phase diagram. Our findings not only provide a robust framework for realizing stable and distinguishable topological phases but also pave the way for investigating other complex non-Hermitian topological phenomena.
