SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus is characterized by metabolic dysfunction and altered inflammatory signaling. The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal serum oncostatin M levels in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus and explore their associations with metabolic and pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: In this prospective case–control study, 40 women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 40 healthy pregnant controls were enrolled. Maternal serum oncostatin M concentrations were measured during the third trimester using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Maternal serum oncostatin M levels were significantly lower in women with gestational diabetes mellitus than in controls (28.7 vs. 64.0 ng/L, p=0.001). Oncostatin M levels were negatively correlated with body mass index, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, and positively correlated with gestational age at delivery (all p<0.05). Pregnancy outcomes were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: Maternal oncostatin M levels are reduced in gestational diabetes mellitus and are associated with markers of metabolic dysfunction, supporting a potential association with the immunometabolic adaptations of diabetic pregnancy.
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the triglyceride–glucose index and its derivatives between women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome and healthy controls and to examine their associations with established fasting-based surrogate markers of insulin resistance. METHODS: The final analytical cohort consisted of 109 women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome and 91 healthy controls. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio, triglyceride–glucose index, triglyceride–glucose-body mass index, and triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were calculated. Between-group comparisons and correlation analyses were performed, with age, body mass index, and waist circumference considered in adjusted analyses. RESULTS: Women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome had significantly higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance values than healthy controls [median: 3.66 (range: 0.76–37.72) vs. 0.86 (range: 0.30–2.70), p<0.001]. The between-group difference in the triglyceride–glucose index remained significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, and waist circumference (F=20.489, p<0.001, ηp2=0.094). Within the polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome group, triglyceride–glucose was positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r=0.505, p<0.001) and negatively correlated with quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (r=-0.505, p<0.001) and fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio (r=-0.449, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Triglyceride–glucose and triglyceride–glucose-body mass index were higher in women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome than in healthy controls and were associated with fasting-based surrogate measures of insulin resistance. These findings suggest that triglyceride–glucose-based indices may provide complementary information regarding the metabolic profile associated with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome. Their clinical utility requires further validation in prospective studies using direct measures of insulin sensitivity.
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the clock-face distribution of cervical lesions in women undergoing colposcopy for high-risk human papillomavirus positivity and to evaluate the association between lesion localization and high-grade cervical lesions (CIN2+; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher). METHODS: This single-center retrospective observational study included 298 women who underwent colposcopy because of high-risk human papillomavirus positivity between January 2024 and March 2026. Demographic characteristics, human papillomavirus genotypes, cervical cytology, colposcopic biopsy localization, and histopathological findings were retrospectively reviewed. Cervical lesions were classified according to the clock-face system and grouped into anterior, right lateral, posterior, and left lateral regions. The primary outcome was the presence of CIN2+. RESULTS: The mean age was 42.5±9.2 years, and CIN2+ lesions were identified in 54 women (18.1%). Lesions were most frequently located at the 12 and 6 o'clock positions. Compared with the normal/CIN1 group, patients with CIN2+ had a higher frequency of abnormal cytology (48.1 vs. 23.8%; p=0.001) and anterior cervical localization (88.9 vs. 66.8%; p=0.002). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, abnormal cytology (adjusted OR 2.84; 95%CI 1.43–5.63; p=0.003) and anterior cervical localization (adjusted OR 3.67; 95%CI 1.46–9.21; p=0.006) were independently associated with CIN2+. CONCLUSION: Cervical lesions in high-risk human papillomavirus-positive women showed a nonuniform clock-face distribution. Anterior cervical localization was independently associated with high-grade cervical lesions (CIN2+), suggesting that careful assessment and documentation of lesion location during colposcopy may improve the identification of clinically significant lesions.
