Introduction. Unfavorable factors of the industrial environment have a combined effect on the body in workers in the coal mining industry. They cause the formation and progression of not only occupational, but also to production-related pathology, including cardiovascular diseases, which have the most frequent complications in the form of heart failure. Numerous studies indicate the genetic determination of the individual body’s susceptibility to the influence of industrial factors, which can be used to create a personalized approach to the preclinical diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and their possible complications.The aim of the study was to analyze the contribution of the polymorphic COL1A1 locus (rs1800012) to the formation of systolic disorders in the form of a decrease in global longitudinal deformation of the left ventricular myocardium in Kuzbass miners with long labor duration. Materials and methods. The study included one hundred fifty nine miners with long labor duration at the South Kuzbass agglomeration working in the main occupations. The first group consisted of 113 miners with normal global longitudinal strain of the left ventricle. The second group included 46 underground workers with impaired systolic function of the myocardium in the form of a decrease in global longitudinal strain of the left ventricle. Systolic abnormalities were verified using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Polymorphic variants of the COL1A1 gene (rs1800012) were determined applying Real-Time PCR using TaqMan probes. Results. When studying the polymorphic COL1A1 (rs1800012) locus, a statistically significant association of the minor T allele and the homozygous T/T genotype with the formation of cardiac systolic function disorders in the form of a decrease in longitudinal strain of the left ventricle was found (OR=2.26; 95% CI: 1.23–4.18 and OR=4.89; 95% CI: 1.36–17.62, respectively). A protective effect was identified for the G allele in relation to the development of systolic dysfunction in miners with long labor duration. The probability of detecting this allele among individuals with impaired systolic function decreased by 2.3 times (OR=0.44; 95% CI: 0.24–0.81).Limitations. The study is limited by the number of genetic polymorphisms that play a role in impaired systolic function of the myocardium.Conclusion. In miners with both long labor duration and minor T allele and homozygous T/T genotype of the rs1800012 polymorphism of the COL1A1 gene the predisposition to the formation of cardiac systolic function disorders in the form of a decrease in global longitudinal strain of the left ventricle was found. The carriage of the normal G allele acts as a protective factor in the development of systolic dysfunction.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (protocol of the meeting No. 4 dated November 21, 2024), conducted in accordance with the commonly accepted scientific principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association as amended 2013. All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.Contribution: Kazitskaya A.S. – collection of material, statistical processing, writing the text; Yadykina T.K. – collection of material and data processing; Korotenko O.Yu. – collection of material; Bugaeva M.S. – data processing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 24, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Many active ingredients in pesticides are mixtures of isomers. When ingested by humans, crops, or exposed to environmental factors, such a mixture can be completely or partially transformed into the corresponding metabolites over a period of time. Such metamorphoses of mixture components often lead to numerous questions when establishing regulatory requirements for safety indicators and, on the other hand, to difficulties in documenting and presenting research results. This article discusses this issue using the organochlorine pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) as an example. Its residues in food products are one of the most closely monitored safety indicators in the world, subject to mandatory declaration on all food products in the Russian Federation. Domestic and international approaches to standardizing DDT isomers and metabolites are described. Several methods for determining DDT, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements, are considered. The main challenges of both DDT standardization and methodological support are identified and outlined. These challenges stem from the ambiguity of the mandatory safety indicator for any food product, defined in CU TR 021/2011 and other technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) for food products and food raw materials as “DDT and its metabolites.” An analysis of regulatory requirements for food safety set out in national, interstate, and international documents was conducted using publicly available materials, including technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) for food products and food raw materials, documents of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the European Union, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the legislation of Japan, Australia, and the People’s Republic of China.Contribution: Rakitsky V.N. – concept and design of the study; Dobreva N.I., Fedorova N.E. – concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing text, editing; Suslova A.V. – collection and processing of material. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 23, 2026 / Revised: June 15, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Introduction. Lead nanoparticles are highly toxic and cause severe cell damage. When deposited on the olfactory epithelium in the respiratory tract, lead nanoparticles are captured by olfactory receptors and pass through the synapse into the olfactory bulbs. This can lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial membranes, thereby causing changes in their morphology and functioning, and subsequently inducing cell apoptosis. The aim of the study. To investigate the effect of lead oxide nanoparticles on the mitochondrial profile of the rat olfactory bulbs following chronic inhalation exposure. Materials and Methods. Adult female albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups of ten animals each. The experimental animals were chronically exposed to PbO NPs at a concentration of 0.215 mg/m³ for four hours a day, five days a week during four and eight months in a nose-only inhalation toxicity test chamber. After exposure cessation, olfactory bulb samples were collected for electron microscopy. The mitochondrial profile of rat brain neurons was assessed by the degree of damage to the inner membrane.Results. We observed changes in neuronal mitochondria characteristic of physiological aging. Four-month inhalation exposure to PbO nanoparticles did not lead to significant changes in the mitochondrial matrix while a statistical increase in the mitochondrial health index was observed after 8 months.Limitations. This study does not include quantitative measurements of the mitochondrial population of neurons.Conclusions. Chronic 8-month exposure to lead nanoparticles significantly alters the ratio of normal to swollen forms of mitochondria, which may indicate to compensatory mechanisms. The observed changes may be attributed to accumulation of PbO NPs and a shift in their distribution in the olfactory structures, thus highlighting the importance of considering the time factor when assessing the neurotoxicity of lead nanoparticles.Compliance with ethical standards. Ethics approval was provided by the Local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No. 4 of July 12, 2022).Contribution: Shelomentsev I.G. – study conception and design, scientific editing; Gorshkolepova A.V. – data collection and processing, draft manuscript preparation; Muravtseva A.A. – data collection and processing, draft manuscript preparation; Sutunkova M.P. – study conception and design; Minigalieva I.A. – study conception and design. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of its final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 13, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Introduction. The combination of the toxic effects of fluoride compounds with known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases can lead to the early development of diastolic ventricular dysfunction, thereby increasing the risk of complications.Materials and methods. One hundred eighteen workers in the main occupations of the aluminum industry and 62 patients not exposed to fluoride compounds, aged between 40 and 55 years, were examined. All respondents underwent biochemical blood tests and echocardiography using standard methods.Results. In aluminum production workers, regardless of the presence of concomitant chronic occupational intoxication with fluoride compounds, signs of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction were detected more often (67.8% of the cases) than in the control (29.0%, p<0.0001). Diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle was more often diagnosed in persons with certain signs of fluoride exposure, suffering from arterial hypertension; diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle was more common in patients with chronic occupational intoxication with fluoride compounds. In the control group, the prevalence of diastolic ventricular dysfunction did not depend on the presence of arterial hypertension and was significantly lower than in the aluminum workers. A relationship was found between dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and left ventricular diastolic parameters. No reliable association was revealed between pulmonary pathology and the development of right ventricular dysfunction. A reliable relationship was found between left ventricular dysfunction parameters and arterial blood pressure levels, as well as work experience under the conditions of exposure to fluoride compounds with ventricular dysfunction parameters.Limitations. This study was limited to a sample size of workers of the main occupations in the aluminum industry who were examined at the Clinic of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases.Conclusion. Diastolic ventricular dysfunction was detected in more than half of the aluminum industry workers, regardless of the presence of chronic occupational intoxication with fluoride compounds, which, in addition to the influence of arterial hypertension, increase in the level of low-density cholesterol, atherogenicity coefficient, and atherosclerosis, was also affected by the work duration in the conditions of exposure to fluoride compounds. Compliance with ethical standards. In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (ed. 2013). the protocol of which met the requirements of the Bioethics Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (Protocol of the Meeting No. 4, § 2 dated November 18, 2021). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.Contribution: Korotenko O.Yu. – concept and design of the study, collection of material, writing the text, editing; Krasilnikova P.L. – collection of material, writing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final versionConflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: May 26, 2026 / Revised: June 21, 2026/ Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Introduction. Primary prevention of circulatory system diseases is extremely important due to the additional impact of harmful industrial factors on the body, which can accelerate the development of cardiovascular pathology in workers of industrial enterprises.The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of atherosclerosis and premorbid heart failure in coal mining workers, depending on their occupation and the duration of exposure to harmful industrial factors.Material and methods. Four hundred ninety seven workers from mines and coal open-pits were examined. The median of the average age of the former was 47.0 (43.0; 51.0), while the latter was 47.0 (43.0; 50.0) years, p=0.329. The study of the great vessels, assessment of diastolic function and global longitudinal myocardial strain of the left ventricle were performed using the Vivid E9 apparatus (General Electric). The N-terminal fragment of the precursor of brain natriuretic peptide was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results. With increasing work experience, the percentage of atherosclerosis revealing among coal mining workers also raises: 79.2% in the group of subjects with more than 20 years of work experience, p=0.0002; in the group from 15 to 20 years, atherosclerosis was detected in 53.2% of the cases, p=0.229; with less than 15 years of work experience – 37.5%, p= 0.0008. The frequency of revealing the signs of premorbid heart failure, combined with a decrease in global longitudinal myocardial strain, among all the examined individuals turned out to be extremely high and did not significantly differ in the groups formed by work experience; its highest values were found in the group of bulldozer and excavator operators. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of the cardiovascular pathology under study among underground coal mining workers of different professional groups.Limitations. The study was limited to the number of individuals undergoing preventive medical examinations at the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases.Conclusion. Atherosclerotic vascular lesions are characterized by a prolonged period of atherosclerotic plaque formation and are found much more frequently with increasing work experience in harmful environments. Disorders of cardiac contractility and relaxation, on the contrary, develop much faster and have a high prevalence with occupational duration of up to 15 years. An extremely high incidence of premorbid heart failure is identified in all occupational cohorts.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with the standards of the Bioethics Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (Protocol of the Meeting No. 4, § 1 dated November 11, 2024), elaborated in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (ed. 2013). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.Contribution: Filimonov E.S. – the concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing, collection of literature data, writing the text; Rumpel O.A. – data processing and interpretation; Bondarev O.I. – data processing, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 24, 2026 / Revised: May 12, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Introduction. The incidence of malignant neoplasms of the reproductive system organs is one of the indicators of women’s reproductive health – an important component of population reproduction.Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the overall incidence rates of malignant neoplasms of the reproductive system organs and mortality from them in women in the Russian Federation and the Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass, as well as a graphical analysis of age-specific mortality rates from breast cancer, cervical cancer, uterine body cancer, and ovarian cancer were conducted. The contribution of mortality in certain age-related groups from cancer of the reproductive system organs of the leading locations to the differences in women’s life expectancy and the elimination reserves associated with its exclusion for increasing life expectancy was revealed.Results. In the Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass, as in the Russian Federation as a whole, tumors of the female reproductive system are leading in the structure of firstly diagnosed malignant neoplasms and related mortality. The most common oncopathology in women is breast cancer, the incidence of which has increased by 37.5% over the past 10 years in the Kemerovo Region. Reproductive system diseases account for 32% of the causes of death in women from oncopathology of all locations. In Kuzbass, cervical cancer causes the greatest irreversible losses among 30–49 years women, and breast cancer among women aged of 50 years and older. The elimination reserve for increasing life expectancy for women in Kuzbass, associated with the excluding of mortality from breast cancer, is 0.31 years, cervical cancer – 0.20 years, ovarian cancer – 0.11 years, and endometrial cancer – 0.10 years.Limitations. This study is limited by the territories selected for comparison (the Russian Federation and the Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass) and the current lack of availability of demographic data (age-specific mortality rates are available up to 2022, overall mortality rates from malignant neoplasms – up to 2023, overall incidence rates of malignant neoplasms – up to and including 2024).Conclusion. The obtained results are recommended for use in elaborating programs for the prevention and early detection of malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system organs.Compliance with ethical standards. The study did not require the approval of a Bioethics Committee.Contribution: Baran O.I. – concept and design of the study, data analysis, writing the text; Babenko A.I. – concept and design of the study, editing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: May 14, 2026 / Revised: June 15, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Monitoring viral circulation is an important part of the public health framework in developed countries, which in recent years have been actively implementing modern, innovative approaches and methods for monitoring biological risks. Systems developed in European countries based on wastewater-based epidemiology methodology ensure the early detection of new and re-emerging infections at the population level, helping to prevent the threat of infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics, and to contain and reduce biological risks to public health down to acceptable levels. The purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth analysis of the experience and tools used by European countries (Germany, France, Italy, and Ireland) in the development and operation of their national wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) systems. The study materials included scientific report and policy documents from Germany, France, Italy, Ireland, and the European Union on wastewater epidemiology. Sources were selected based on criteria of thematic relevance, semantic and functional significance, and relevance of scientific reports and regulatory documents. A search for literary sources and documents was conducted in the following databases: eLibrary and CyberLeninka in Russian; Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochran Library in English, German, and French; and national government and parliamentary databases of the aforementioned countries. The main research methods include content analysis, material systematization, retrospective analysis (evolution of the method), a systems approach (to studying monitoring networks), comparative analysis (of electronic health systems), and generalization (of experience).Part 1 of the analytical review presents the evolution of the global application of the WBE principle. The essence and content of the WBE mechanism are revealed, and its key processes are highlighted. The primary focus in Europe is on the creation of national and joint WBE systems, united within the European Union, with a focus on the implementation of modern information and telecommunications technologies and artificial intelligence. The experience of France (the OBÉPINE project) is examined. Part 2 examines WBE systems operating in Europe, created under national projects: AMELAG (Germany), SARI (Italy), and NWSP (Ireland). A comparative analysis of the systems allowed identifying their common features, characteristics, and development directions of interest to relevant specialists in the Russian Federation.Conclusion. European WBE systems, built on modern technologies, make a significant contribution to the functioning of national biological risk monitoring systems, enabling prognostic assessment of the status of cohorts and the population as a whole, identifying not only specific pathogens or hazardous substances but also determining the population’s health status. The WBE mechanism is being actively implemented in radiation, chemical, and biological risk monitoring systems in European countries. Today, the creation of a similar modern WBE mechanism in Russia, integrated into the radiation, chemical, and biological risk monitoring system, is highly desirable and necessary.Contributions: Melnikov O.A. – concept and design of the study, search, collection, analysis, evaluation, systematization, generalization and interpretation of data, preparation of illustrative material and draft of the manuscript; Zhernov Yu.V. – collection, systematization, generalization and interpretation of data, editing; Bolekhan V.N. – scientific and methodological support, editing; Kraevoy S.A. – organizational and methodological support, editing; Yudin S.M. – concept, approval of the final version. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 16, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Introduction. Heart diseases are the leading cause of death among miners (>60%). Between 2000 and 2016, 1,797 acute cardiovascular events occurred at the workplace, including 467 fatal cases. These are usually classified as ischemic heart disease, but this is not confirmed by microscopy and does not account for direct damage to the heart by coal-rock dust.Objective. To provide microscopic evidence for defining “dust cardiomyopathy” as a distinct occupational heart disease.Materials and methods. Heart tissue from 80 miners (work experience from 1 to 30 years) and 30 age‑matched healthy controls was examined using histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry (markers CD34, CD31, α-SMA, TGF-β1, Bcl-2) with morphometric measurements.Results. With increasing work experience, microvessel walls thickened by 1.5–2.5 times, and endothelial cell area increased by 2–4 times. As early as 1–5 years of exposure, lipofuscin pigment appeared in cardiomyocytes (area 143.7±33.6 µm²), peaking at 12–20 years (159.6±33.4 µm²) — significantly higher than in controls (p<0.001). Cardiomyocyte diameter increased up to 20.02±4.66 µm, heart weight to 530–580 g. For the first time, there was demonstrated a sign of endothelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition as the appearance of CD31 and CD34 proteins in vessel walls.Limitations. Autopsy remains the gold standard for determining the cause of death. Experimental animal studies also end with autopsy, which does not question their validity. The study was conducted only on material from Kuzbass, using samples from those who died in industrial catastrophes, which requires careful interpretation.Conclusion. The obtained morphological data provide a scientific basis for distinguishing dust cardiomyopathy as an independent occupational heart disease. Its hallmarks are damage to the inner lining of vessels, perivascular fibrosis, and lipofuscin accumulation. Further clinical studies are needed for final confirmation.Compliance with ethical standards. The protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (Protocol No. 4, 21.11.2024). Contribution: Bondarev O.I. — concept, design, writing, editing; Filimonov E.S. — material collection, data processing, literature review. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 24, 2026 / Revised: May 17, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Introduction. Special relevance should be assigned to investigating a phenomenon of programmed cell death in working age population in the Far North exposed to airborne metals and sub-Arctic climate, with gene polymorphism taken into account.Materials and methods. We examined adult participants (aged 21–59 years) who lived on territories with subarctic and continental type of climate with different levels of exposure to airborne nickel (n=525). Nickel levels were identified in blood using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; cell death indicators AnnexinV-FITC+7AAD– and AnnexinV-FITC+7AAD+ – were established with flow cytometry; vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF, immune enzyme assay; IgE to nickel, allergosorbent tests; VEGFA (rs2010963) gene polymorphism, real-time PCR.Results. The immune profile in adults living in the Far North under low-dose exposure to airborne nickel (1.36 ∙ 10-³ mg/(kg ∙ day); 0.12 average daily MPC) and with resulting nickel in blood (0.0123±0.0015 µg/cm³) was characterized with excess levels of AnnexinV-FITC+7AAD+ (R²=0.404–0.503; p=0.029–0.042) and IgE to nickel (R²=0.613; p=0.001). However, exposure to airborne nickel in sub-Arctic climate leads to relative risk RR=1.19 (1.03–1.36); p=0.005) for apoptosis inhibition per the level of AnnexinV-FITC+7AAD– (R²=0.723–0.786; p=0.001–0.016). This risk is associated with the minor C-allele and CC-genotype of the VEGFA (rs2010963) (OR=1.91 (1.03–3.55)–2.93 (1.31–6.57).Limitations. The reference group samples are limited; the results should be verified in future research Conclusion. Exposure to airborne nickel in the average daily dose of 1.36 ∙ 10–³ mg/(kg ∙ day), combined with the minor C-allele and CC-genotype of the VEGFA (rs2010963) induces changes in indices of cell death and the immune profile in adults in the Far North (declining AnnexinV-FITC+7AAD– levels, growing levels of VEGF and IgE to nickel). These genetic and immunological indices can be recommended as key ones in pre-nosologic diagnostics and disease prevention in the far North population. Compliance with ethical standards. The study was accomplished in conformity with ethical standards stipulated by the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local ethics committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (Meeting Report No. 4 dated April 20, 2025). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.Contributions: Zaitseva N.V. – study concept and design; Nikonoshina N.А. – data collection and analysis, writing the text; Dolgikh О.V. – study concept and design, editing the text; Alikina I.N., Kazakova О.А. – immunogenetic studies; Chigvintsev V.М. – mathematical modeling. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: May 18, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Vibration disease occupies a leading place in the structure of occupational pathology in the Russian Federation. Its progressive course leads to incapacity for work and disability in individuals of employable age. This necessitates the identification of early markers of damage, which is impossible without a detailed understanding of the sequence of pathological changes that precede the appearance of clinical and functional manifestations of the disease.The aim of the study. Generalization and analysis of contemporary data on the molecular and cellular basis of the pathogenesis of vibration disease.The following databases were used to search and select literature sources: eLIBRARY, PubMed, Google Scholar, MedLine, Web of Science, and Scopus. The vibration disease is a systemic pathological process based on a cascade of interconnected molecular and cellular disturbances. Vibration exposure is accompanied by the development of oxidative stress, combined with mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of bioenergetic processes, creates conditions for damage to cellular structures. The central link in the pathogenesis is endothelial dysfunction, developing from reversible vasomotor disturbances to persistent vascular wall remodeling. It is based on damage to the ultrastructure of endothelial cells, an imbalance of vasoactive molecules, and the activation of proinflammatory and proapoptotic signaling pathways. Activation of the sympathoadrenal system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system further contributes to the aggravation of vasoconstriction and trophic disturbances. Endothelial changes and associated tissue hypoxia trigger immune system involvement, manifested by cytokine profile imbalances, changes in lymphocyte subpopulation composition, and suppression of innate immunity. There the relationship of the formed disorders with damage to the nervous tissue, confirmed by an increase in neurospecific proteins and the development of secondary autoimmune responce. Conclusion. The performed analysis allows expanding our understanding of the pathogenetic basis of vibration disease for the elaboration of up-to-date strategies for early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the disease.Contribution: Bugaeva M.S. – concept and design of the study, collection and analysis of literature data, writing the text, editing; Gostyaeva E.P. – collection and analysis of literature data, writing the text; Zhukova A.G. – collection and analysis of literature data; Gorokhova L.G. – collection and analysis of literature data; Bondarev O.I. – collection and analysis of literature data. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 24, 2026 / Revised: May 25, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Introduction. In women in the Russian Federation, malignant neoplasms of the breast are the leading oncological pathology, which is a multifactorial disease requiring a comprehensive approach to study.The aim of the study was to study the features of breast cancer incidence and mortality due to it in women of an industrial city with high level of air pollution.Materials and methods. The study of breast cancer incidence and mortality among female residents of Novokuznetsk for 2014-2025 was based on an analysis of materials from the territorial Cancer Registry 6FB for the Kemerovo region with statistical processing using the MS Excel package. Gross emissions into the atmosphere and average annual concentrations of carcinogenic pollutants were assessed on the base of official reports for the period 2014–2024. Maximum permissible concentrations of substances were assessed according to the Sanitary Rules and Norms 1.2.3685–21. There were were examined one hundred fifty nine women, 104 of whom had been diagnosed with breast cancer and 55 had no suggestion for cancer of the breast. Using the polymerase chain reaction method, variants of the CYP1A1*2A (rs4646903) gene of the first phase of the xenobiotic biotransformation system were identified in all subjects examined.Results. In Novokuznetsk, over the past 10 years, there was an increase in the incidence of breast cancer and mortality of it among women. Between 2014 and 2025, the number of women with firstly proven diagnosis increased by 23.4%, while the proportion of early detection of the disease at stage I raised by 16%. The total individual carcinogenic risk corresponded to the permissible (acceptable) level in 2017, 2018, and 2020, and to the alarming level in the remaining years. A positive correlation was found between the incidence of cancer and the total volume of gross emissions into the city’s atmosphere (rs = 0.45), as well as average annual concentrations of formaldehyde (rs = 0.19), and benzopyrene (rs = 0.07). A weak positive correlation was revealed between the number of deaths due to breast cancer and average annual concentrations of benzopyrene. A statistically reliable association was shown between the AA genotype (χ² – 4.04; OR – 2.06) of the phase 1 detoxification gene – CYP1A1*2A (rs4646903) with the risk of breast cancer.Limitations of the study were determined by the lack of data on average annual carbon (soot) concentrations since 2022 and the need to further increase the sample for genetic studies.Conclusion. Reducing the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer requires comprehensive regional scientific approaches, including epidemiological, medico-demographic, hygienic, clinical, and molecular-genetic studies as the basis for integrated information for the elaboration and implementation of early diagnosis and prevention programs for oncological diseases, with a focus on regions with environmental disadvantage.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases” (Minutes of meeting No. 2, § 2 of March 11, 2025), and was conducted in accordance with the commonly accepted scientific principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (2013 edition). Contribution: Mikhailova N.N. – concept and design of the study, editing; Kislitsyna V.V. – collection and processing of material, writing the text; Baran O.I. – collection and processing of material, writing the text; Gulyaeva O.N. – collection and processing of material, writing the text; Ulanova E.V. – processing of material; Chifranova M.V. – collection of material; Dolgikh S.A. – collection of material. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 24, 2026 / Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
Introduction. The non-proteinogenic amino acid β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a compound produced by certain types of cyanobacteria inhabiting fresh and marine waters and soil, as well as by certain representatives of phytoplankton widespread in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Through the food chain, BMAA enters zooplankton and the cells of invertebrates, accumulates in fish tissues, and subsequently enters the organisms of higher animals and humans.In the human body, BMAA causes changes that manifest later in life as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and parkinsonism. Materials and Methods. A certified reference analytical standard of BMAA was used as the material in experimental studies. Molecular formula: C₄H₁₀N₂O₂, molecular weight: 118.13 g/mol, CAS 15920-93-1. Primary data processing was performed using Microsoft Office Excel 2013. Statistical analysis was conducted in SPSS Statistics v. 22.0 at α = 0.05. The studies included an analysis of domestic and international scientific research results on the physicochemical properties and toxicity of BMAA, as well as an experimental study of its effect on the organoleptic properties of water and the sanitary regime of the water body. Assessment of general toxic, embryotoxic, and teratogenic effects was conducted under conditions of intragastric administration to animals.Results. Parameters of BMAA impact on water odor and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) were established (threshold concentrations of 10 and 3 mg/L, respectively), as well as the threshold dose for general toxic effects under subacute experimental conditions. Using forecasting methods, the maximum no-effect concentration was calculated based on the sanitary-toxicological hazard indicator (0.05 mg/kg b.w.).Limitation. The studies are limited by the duration of the subacute experiment.Conclusion. The value of the Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) of BMAA in water for household, drinking, and cultural-domestic use is justified at the level of 1 mg/L (sanitary-toxicological hazard indicator, Hazard class 3). For monitoring content in water, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was developed with a measurement range of 0.005–5.0 mg/L.Compliance with ethical standards. Approval was obtained from the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” (Protocol No. 03/22 dated 11/21/2022).Contributions: Sinitsyna O.O. – conceptualization and design of the study, editing; Turbinsky V.V. – conceptualization and design of the study, writing of the text, editing; Pushkareva M.V., Shiryaeva M.A. – writing of the text, editing; Kuz N.V. – conceptualization and design of the study, data collection and processing, writing of the text; Ryashentseva T.M., Masaltsev G.V., Safandeev V.V. – data collection. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: March 3, 2026 / Revised: April 20, 2026 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026
Introduction. Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) is a hazardous chlorinated organic compound posing a serious threat for human health. This chemical referred to the hazard category II is considered a potential carcinogen (class 2A according to the International Agency on Cancer Research classification). Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, C₂Cl₄) is a chlorinated organic solvent commonly used in various industries due to its properties.The aim of this study was to develop high-sensitive and selective method to quantify tetrachloroethylene in drinking water by using equilibrium vapor phase gas chromatography (equilibrium vapor phase GC) to provide control and monitoring for hygienic safety.Materials and methods. The study focused on investigating chromatographic conditions for quantification of tetrachloroethylene and concomitant chlorinated organic compounds (chloroform, tetrachloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane) in drinking water. The research stages included preparing the water sample for chemical analysis; investigating the extraction degree by the ‘introduced – found’ method; selecting an optimal column and temperature mode for achieving effective division; quantifying the toxicant. To raise quantification precision, we used Chromatek-Krystal gas chromatographer, specific Electron Capture Detector (ECD), and an automated device for water sample introduction (DAZH-2М 3D) to conduct analysis by equilibrium vapor phase gas chromatography (equilibrium vapor phase GC). Results.We substantiated the optimal conditions for maximum tetrachloroethylene extraction (100%) from water samples by using vapor phase analysis: temperature 80°C, time for achieving equilibrium over 30 minutes with adding 5 g of sodium sulfate. The tetrachloroethylene concentration range, within which the calibration graph was confirmed to be linear, was 0.0001–0.03 mg/dm³.Limitations. No limitations can be outlined for this study.Conclusion. The method for tetrachloroethylene (C₂Cl₄) quantification in drinking water by equilibrium vapor phase gas chromatography (equilibrium vapor phase GC), using gas chromatographic division on a capillary column and detection by the Electron Capture Detector (ECD) provides the limit of detection equal to 0.0001 mg/dm³ with the method inaccuracy equal to 39%, reproducibility 8.40% and intralaboratory precision 19%.Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the provision of a biomedical ethics comm other documents.Contributions: Nurislamovaа Т.V. — study concept, scientific advice, relevance and conclusions; Popova N.А. — materials and methods, results; Maltseva О.А. — relevance, results, discussion and conclusions. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Using AI. GeminiGemini AI-based program. AI helped to structure the text and search for sources referenced in the text of the article. The AI usage date is May 4-5, 2026, the version of the program that is used in the Googl, Gemini, and NotebookLM search engines.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: March 26, 2026 / Revised: May 6, 2026 / Accepted: June 18,2026 / Published: July 31, 2026
Training students at medical training centers involves combining two intensive educational programs, which places a high burden on the body and requires scientifically substantiated preventative measures. We analyzed domestic and international sources, including recent dissertations. We searched PubMed, Scopus, MedLine, Global Health, CyberLeninka, and the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) databases. Potential risk factors have been identified. Studying at a higher educational institution is associated with high functional stress, increased rates of chronic illness, and maladjustment. Data on the impact of educational conditions on student health has been systematized. The insufficient effectiveness of existing health-preserving technologies has been noted.Limitations. The review is limited to available report on the topic and does not include information from classified sources due to restrictions on the dissemination of information about the activities of military departments.Conclusion. The educational environment at medical training centers presents a complex set of factors that have a multifaceted impact on the body. The conflict between increasing training requirements and deteriorating student health requires a comprehensive approach based on the principles of hygiene and preventive medicine.Contribution: Trankovskaya L.V. – concept and design of the study, editing; Gusev A.Yu. – collection of material and data processing, writing the text, editing; Nagirnaya L.N. – concept and design of the study, editing; Kaptsov V.A. – concept and design of the study. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: December 2, 2025 / Revised: April 23, 2026 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026
Hygiene as a field of knowledge and practice has been known to humanity for more than 2 600 years, with written evidence found in the LXVIII Orphic Hymn. The development of hygiene as a science is closely linked to scientific and technological progress, while the hygiene of children and adolescents is tied to the development of mass education and upbringing in institutions for children and adolescents, as well as the continuous improvement and modernization of educational systems.Expert analytical and historical research into the formation and development of training programs in child and adolescent hygiene. F.F. Erisman is recognised as the founder of university‑level training in hygiene and school hygiene at the Imperial Moscow University. The systematic development and improvement of training of medical personnel in educational hygiene and the hygiene of children and adolescents began in 1926 with the establishment of the Department of Educational Hygiene, which was renamed the Department of Child and Adolescent Hygiene in 1954. The optimal model for training students in disciplines in hygiene is the ‘Research Institute – Department’ integrated approach, which facilitates the integration of practice‑oriented education, student and faculty research activities, and educational and volunteer work.Conclusion. The origins of university‑level training of medical personnel in child and adolescent hygiene can be traced back to the Imperial Moscow University, where it was laid by the prominent Russian hygienist F.F. Erisman, along with his students and followers. The evolution of hygiene education and child and adolescent hygiene is associated with the improvements in healthcare and education systems, as well as with the challenges facing medical personnel training. Modernization of hygiene department activities across the country will contribute to the training of highly qualified specialists with the competencies needed to address contemporary challenges.Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.Contribution: Kuchma V.R. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, analysis of research data, writing text, editing; Butenkova V.S., Platonov O.V. – collection and processing of material, writing text; Virabova A.R., Naryshkina E.V., Chubarovsky V.V., Yamshchikova N.L. – collection and processing of material, analysis of research data, writing text; Demina N.N. – collection and processing of material; Laponova E.D., Makarova A.Yu. – collection and processing of material, analysis of research data, writing text, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Statement on the use of artificial intelligence tools. No AI tools were used in the preparation of this article.Conflict of Interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 23, 2026 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026
Introduction. Taking into account the key activities of the federal project «Water of Russia», the preservation of public health is of particular importance. Aim of the study. To assess the quality and safety of drinking water from underground water supply sources for the health of the population living in rural areas of the southern Baikal region. Materials and methods. Study used data from the regional information fund for 2015‒2024. An assessment of the quality and safety of drinking water from underground sources in nine districts of the Republic of Buryatia was carried out, taking into account hygienic criteria, integral assessment and risk assessment of priority chemical pollutants. Statistical significance at p <0.05. Results. During the study period, there was a 2.2-fold increase in the number of samples tested and indicators from 47 to 54 and a 1.4-fold decrease in the specific gravity of samples that did not meet hygienic criteria. At the same time, there are excess hygienic standards for 18 indicators and increased values of hazard coefficients for two substances. In the Tarbagatai, Ivolginsky, and Kabansky districts, the discrepancy between drinking water and hygienic standards remains due to the influence of anthropogenic factors and the hydrogeological conditions of groundwater that contribute to them. Limitations. Frequency of monitoring, limited knowledge of cumulative effect of chemicals presents in water assessed by water quality index. Conclusion. According to the drinking water quality index in rural areas of the southern Baikal region, 7 districts with “very clean” water and 2 with “moderately polluted” were distinguished.Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the Biomedical Ethics Committee.Contribution: Bogdanova O.G. ‒ concept and design of the study, collection of material, analysis and interpretation of data, writing text, editing; Maraktaev Z.V. ‒ organization of the study, collecting material, statistical data processing, writing the primary version of the text; Efimova N.V. ‒ study design, analysis and interpretation of data, editing;Pankov V.A. ‒ analysis and interpretation of data, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study was performed within the framework of the state assignment of East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological ResearchReceived: May 31, 2026 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026
Introduction. Investigating formation of specific immune phenotypes associated with cytokine profile features in viral infections upon their additional modification by exposure to chemical factors will provide better insight into pathways of immune dysfunction associated with environmental factors.Materials and methods. A mixed population of immunocytes was isolated and cultivated for 48 hours, and the cytokine profile was analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Inducing factors were represented by benzo(a)pyrene and viral vaccine antigens hemagglutinins of influenza viruses type A and B.Results. The multidirectional effects of benzo(a)pyrene on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine mediators were established under exposure "in vitro" conditions with activation of TNF-α and MCP-1 expression and inhibition of IL-8 production (p=0.001–0.018). Modification of cytokine expression in the presence of influenza viral antigens led to preferential stimulation of cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1) (p=0.015–0.045). Simultaneous introduction of benzo(a)pyrene and influenza virus antigens into the cell culture was accompanied by declining expression of mediators IL-1β, IL-8 and IFN-γ (p=0.005–0.047). Thus, influenza virus antigens stimulate production of pro-inflammatory mediators, while experimental benzo(a)pyrene burden adversly modifies biological effects of viral antigens, inhibiting cytokine expression. Limitations. The limitations of the methodological approach are related to the need to further verify the obtained results and to extrapolate them to the macroorganism level.Conclusion. The study findings show the high modifying activity of benzo(a)pyrene affecting the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, canceling the additional expression of IL-1β, IL-8 and IFN-γ mediators induced by influenza antigens and reducing the protective immune potential. The revealed features of the combined effects produced by benzo(a)pyrene and influenza virus antigens, verified in an in vitro experiment, will allow specifying the mechanisms and peculiarities of the impact of chemical and biological factors to solve the problems of prevention of viral diseases under additional threats and risks associated with chemical exposures (exemplified by benzo(a)pyrene).Compliance with ethical standards. All donors signed voluntary informed consent to participate in the study. The study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (revised 2013) and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (1999), according to the principles of “Good Clinical Practice” (GOST R 52379–2005) and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies for Public Health Risk Management (Protocol No. 3 dated March 20, 2024).Contribution: Zaitseva N.V. – study concept and design, editing the text; Starkova K.G. – study concept and design of the, data collection and analysis, writing the text; Dolgikh O.V. – study concept and design, editing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 24, 2026 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026
Introduction. Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is an obligate pathogen in neonates, causing necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis, and sepsis. The main transmission factor for these infections is powdered infant formula. Along with C. sakazakii, other Enterobacteriaceae spp., some of which are opportunistic pathogens, have been detected in dry foods for infants. Since all these bacteria are capable of exhibiting thermoresistance, surviving a technological stress such as the high-temperature drying process, there is a possibility that they also have other altered properties, in particular, antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Objective. To evaluate the AMR profile, including resistance to clinically significant antimicrobial drugs, in C. sakazakii and other associated Enterobacteriaceae spp. isolated from dry foods for infants available on the Russian market.Materials and Methods. A total of one hundred seventy seven samples of dry foods for infants and their production components were analyzed using bacterial culture with two-stage enrichment followed by biochemical identification of the isolates. The phenotypic AMR profile of the isolated Gram-negative and associated isolates was studied using the disk-diffusion method. For C. sakazakii, Klebsiella spp., and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were additionally determined. DNA extracts from the isolated strains were analyzed by PCR for genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases (tem, shv, ges, kpc, ctx), carbapenemases (ges, kpc, oxa), and metallo-β-lactamases (imp, vim) and the multidrug efflux pump gene adeF. Results. Among dry foods for infants, 8.5% were contaminated with Cronobacter spp. and 38.4% - with other thermoresistant Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 65 strains were studied – 15 Cronobacter spp. and 49 associated Enterobacteriaceae spp. Phenotypically, all Cronobacter spp., as well as Klebsiella spp. and A. baumannii strains exhibited high levels of AMR to β-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems as a priority class, and possessed multidrug resistance to 2–13 antibiotics.Analysis of the genetic potential of AMR to β-lactam antibiotics in Cronobacter and other thermoresistant bacteria from dry foods for infants revealed the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in the opportunistic pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, which are classified as the ESKAPE group.Limitations. The mechanisms underlying gene potential for resistance that would support the transmissible nature of AMR, have not been investigated.Conclusion. When monitoring Cronobacter spp. in dry foods for infants, it is advisable to identify accompanying thermoresistant Gram-negative bacteria. If representatives of the ESKAPE group are detected among them, it is important to study their AMR to clinically significant antimicrobial drugs and their virulence factors. The data obtained will be useful for future recommendations on the quality control of ingredients and the effectiveness of production modes for dry foods for infants and cereals against thermoresistant non-spore-forming bacteria to reduce the risk for contamination with pathogens.Compliance with ethical standards. The study did not require approval from the biomedical ethics committee.Contributions: Smotrina Yu.V. – data collection and processing, writing and editing; Markova Yu.M., Stetsenko V.V., Bykova I.B., Polyanina A.S., – data collection and processing; Sheveleva S.A., Efimochkina N.R. – conceptualization, study design, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study was supported by grant No. 23-16-00163 from the Russian Science Foundation, https://rscf.ru/project/23-16-00163/Received: December 7, 2025 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026
Introduction. Long-term inhalation exposure to lead nanoparticles may increase health risks for workers. The liver is one of their target organs due to its detoxifying function. The aim of the study is to evaluate hepatotoxic effects of lead oxide nanoparticles following chronic inhalation exposure in an “in vivo” experiment on rats.Materials and Methods. Female rats were subjected to chronic inhalation exposure to lead oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.2 mg/m³ for 4 hours per day, 5 times a week for 4 months. After cessation of exposure, we evaluated serum biochemical parameters, liver histomorphology and cytogram, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and mitochondrial profile of hepatocytes, and apoptotic gene expression.Results. Increased levels of malondialdehyde, catalase, and C-reactive protein were observed based on blood biochemistry. Inflammatory and degenerative changes in liver tissue were registered. The mitochondrial profile of hepatocytes shifted toward a vesicular swollen morphotype. Elevated expression of the apoptotic bax gene and a trend toward an increasing bax/bcl-2 ratio were detected in rat liver tissue.Limitations. Laboratory animals used in the experiment belonged to the same species and sex.Conclusion. Inhalation exposure to PbO NPs at the concentration of 0.2 mg/m³ induced complex hepatotoxic effects in female rats, the key mechanisms of which include oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No. 4 of June 12, 2022).Contributions: Sutunkova M.P., Minigalieva I.A. – study conception and design; Shabardina L.V., Gertan N.A. – draft manuscript preparation; Gavrilova K.A., Sakhautdinova R.R. – data collection and processing; Shelomentsev I.G., Bereza I.A., Shaikhova D.R., Kikot A.M. – data collection and processing, statistical analysis. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of its final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: February 4, 2026 / Revised: April 24, 2026 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026
Introduction. Exposure to smoke from natural peat fires during the early postnatal period leads to the development of a wide range of pathological conditions, among which the long-term effects of smoke on the central nervous system (CNS) remain the least studied.Materials and methods. Inhalation exposure of newborn rats to peat smoke was carried out during critical periods of ontogenesis – from the 23rd to the 27th day of life. The CO concentration in the inhalation chambers was 21 (13; 28) mg/m³, and the PM2.5 concentration was 0.09 (0.04; 0.19) mg/m³. At 3 months of age, the functional state of the CNS was assessed in the rats. The examination included open field behavioral testing, EEG recording, and histological examination of the cerebral cortex.Results. Males exhibited a sharp reduction in time spent in the center of the arena and a decrease in the exploratory area, indicating suppression of the active-searching component of behavior. EEG results in males showed a decrease in EEG amplitude characteristics, primarily due to waves in the low-frequency range (delta and theta rhythms). In females, conversely, an increase in amplitude and index was observed, largely due to fast-wave beta rhythm activity. No changes in nervous tissue structure were detected.Limitations. This study is limited to adult sexually mature white rats exposed to peat smoke from 23rd to 27th postnatal day.Conclusion. Exposure to peat smoke in the early postnatal period leads to impairments in species-specific behavior and the amplitude-frequency properties of the total bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex in adult sexually mature rats. The most significant shifts in CNS impairment are observed in male white rats.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (Protocol No. 32 dated 01/10/2023) and was conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123) and Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of September 22, 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.Contributions: Sosedova L.M. – study concept and design, literature review, manuscript writing; Vokina V.A. – study concept and design, experiment conduction, data processing, analysis and interpretation, literature review, manuscript writing; Pankova A.A. – experiment conduction, data collection and primary processing, statistical analysis; Titov E.A. – histological specimen preparation and processing, data processing, statistical analysis; Novikov M.A. – histological specimen preparation and processing, data processing, statistical analysis; Savchenkov M.F. – editing, approval of the final version of the manuscript, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: March 24, 2026 / Revised: May 18, 2026 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026
