Background: Pandemics and war have intersecting histories since time immemorial. In human history, disease outbreaks have occurred, and their effects have compounded during various wars. Objectives: This review highlights the historical evidence on war-induced socio-economic and institutional transformations and the acceleration of pathogen emergence and its transmission during war-epidemic crises. Methods: A literature search was conducted in Pubmed data base and Google Scholar to select relevant articles for this review. Results: The intertwining of pandemics and warfare’s complex phases changed the lives and the course of global processes. In addition to the imperial plagues, modern pandemics such as coronavirus showed the effects of armed conflicts even more; for example, World War I and II, where diseases such as the Spanish flu spread very rapidly. These wars spur healthcare innovation and make us aware of the necessity of a comprehensive healthcare system being in place. The consequences arise from both economic and social factors, associated with unheard-of health problems such as noncommunicable diseases and mental conditions. Conclusion: The study from this case points out that for future pandemics, resilient healthcare systems, global cooperation, and early detection will be highly important in this process. This emphasizes the need for preparedness and fairness in health care.
Background: Brucellosis is a bacterial disease that affects animals and humans, with the most common strains being Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella suis. It is a significant public health threat, particularly in areas with poor hygiene, food safety, and veterinary care standards. Diagnostic tests for brucellosis include culture, serological tests, lateral flow assays, MALDI-TOF-MS, PCR, and multiplex tests. The gold standard for diagnosis is culture, but its sensitivity is not always high, particularly for neurobrucellosis. Serological tests are relatively simple and quick, and lateral flow assays have high sensitivity and specificity. Multiplex tests can rapidly identify the species and biovar of Brucella isolated by culture. Serological tests are crucial for diagnosing brucellosis, and molecular techniques offer several advantages over bacteriological isolation. Methods: A thorough and extensive search was conducted in international databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar, from the year 2014 to 2024. The search terms included keywords such as “Brucellosis,” “Malta Fever,” “Mediterranean fever,” “Brucella Infection,” “Brucella,” and “Undulant Fever.” Duplicate articles were removed, and the remaining studies were screened. The suitable articles were then reviewed for the study. Results: The current review was carried out to investigate the diagnostic tests available for detecting brucellosis. The study includes information on recent advances in evaluating diagnostic techniques, their clinical value, and their respective pros and cons. Conclusion: Understanding the disease’s risk may aid in the development and implementation of effective disease control measures to raise public awareness of brucellosis.
Clinical characteristics, drug responsiveness, and natural history of Parkinson's disease are different in India compared to the Western world. This hospital-based descriptive study was conducted, as anecdotal information alone is available on the characteristics of falls in idiopathic Parkinson's disease from India. To collect the data of characteristics of falls, a structured interview was conducted in 192 consecutive idiopathic Parkinson's patients with a history of minimum three falls in the previous 3 months and normal cognition. The mean duration and severity of the disease were 5.3 +/- 3.29 and 3.42 +/- 0.58, respectively. Majority of the falls are caused by disease-related impairments, postural instability (50.7%, 1085) and freezing (32.5%, 694), during walking (42.42%, 907), turning (21.18%, 453), and getting up (32.08%, 686). Fourteen (7.3%) participants sustained fracture and 30.7% (59) of participants required medical intervention costing Indian Rupee200-Indian Rupee200000/. Quality of life as measured by the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (31.19 +/- 13.36) was positively correlated with number of falls (r = 0.38, P = 0.000). Falls have a considerable impact on the patients and caregiver.
