Methodological problems involved in studying the differences in nutritional status between breast- and bottle-fed babies are discussed briefly. It is maintained that breast feeding is always superior for every population. The reason that studies do not always come to the same conclusion is that some studies are improperly carried out and others are inadequately analyzed. Use of a biased sample constitutes an example of an improperly conducted study. It is often difficult to obtain a representative sample in developing areas. Inadequate funding and pressures to present any findings regarding infant feeding and health in the community lead to studies conducted with biased samples. For example, samples from clinic or hospital patients are biased and do not adequately represent the health of the overall community. Inadequate analysis of study findings is exemplified by confusion between correlation and cause-effect relationships between variables.
Journal Article The Use of Antibiotics in Childhood Diarrhea Get access M. BACHTIN, M. BACHTIN Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada UniversityYogyakarta, Indonesia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar NELWAN, NELWAN Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada UniversityYogyakarta, Indonesia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar SUPRAPTO, SUPRAPTO Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada UniversityYogyakarta, Indonesia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar TELUK SEBODO, TELUK SEBODO Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada UniversityYogyakarta, Indonesia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ISMANGOEN ISMANGOEN Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada UniversityYogyakarta, Indonesia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 4, August 1979, Pages 101–103, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.4.101 Published: 01 August 1979
Journal Article Growth Reference Standards for Developing Countries: Determination of criteria for India Get access VIMLESH SETH, M.D., VIMLESH SETH, M.D. Assistant Professor in Pediatrics Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, All-India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi-110016, India All Correspondence to Dr. Vimlesh Seth. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K. R. SUNDARAM, M.Sc., K. R. SUNDARAM, M.Sc. Assistant Professor in Biostatistics Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, All-India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi-110016, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. GUPTA, M.B.B.S. M. GUPTA, M.B.B.S. Senior Research Fellow in Pediatrics Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, All-India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi-110016, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 2, April 1979, Pages 37–41, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.2.37 Published: 01 April 1979
A cross-sectional study describing the clinical; anthropometric; hematological; morbidity; and mortality pattern of 3734 Jordanian infants and young children in rural Ammen was conducted. Waterlow's public health classification was used. Children of the main sample were grouped into A (well nourished) and B (malnourished). Total number of pregnancies the mothers in this study had was 23,545; total number of abortions and stillbirths the mothers had was 2711, and total number of live births was 20,834. Total number of siblings who died in different age groups was 1981. Calculated neonatal mortality rate per 1000 liveborn was 26; postneonatal was 52; infant mortality rate was 78; 1 to 4 years was 11.5 and for age 4 years, the rate was 5/1000 livebirths. No significant differences were observed between Groups A and B except at the 1-4 year age group, which has a mortality rate twice as high in Group B as in Group A, a significant difference at the 1% level. Half of the deaths in the 1st year occurred in the 1st month of life. The socioeconomic and health status of Jordan is reflected in its mortality pattern. The infant mortality rate in this study, 78/1000 is 4.4 times as great as it is in advanced countries. Cook mentioned 3 factors which contribute to the vulnerability of infants to death: 1) relatively high nutritional requirements; 2) transition from breastfeeding to normal family diet; and 3) lack of their own antibodies to infectious organisms. Comparison of mortality rates with other countries were presented.
Journal Article International Year of the Child—Opportunity or Gimmick? Get access G. J. Ebrahim G. J. Ebrahim Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 2, April 1979, Pages 35–36, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.2.35 Published: 01 April 1979
Journal Article Towards the Establishment of Norms: (1) The Triceps, Subscapular Skinfolds and Subcutaneous Fat in Black and Caucasian School Children Get access KEVIN M. ETTA, M.S., Ph.D.(Reader), KEVIN M. ETTA, M.S., Ph.D.(Reader) Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar AJIT SINGH, M.S., Ph.D.(Visiting Professor) AJIT SINGH, M.S., Ph.D.(Visiting Professor) Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 5, October 1979, Pages 113–118, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.5.113 Published: 01 October 1979
Journal Article Profile of Morbidity and Nutritional Status and their Effect on the Growth Potentials in Preschool Children in Delhi, India Get access VIMLESH SETH, M.D., VIMLESH SETH, M.D. Assistant Professor in Pediatrics Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, All-India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi-110016, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K. R. SUNDARAM, M.Sc., K. R. SUNDARAM, M.Sc. Assistant Professor in Biostatistics Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, All-India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi-110016, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar O. P. GHAI, M.D., D.C.H. & F.A.M.S., O. P. GHAI, M.D., D.C.H. & F.A.M.S. Prof. and Head of Pediatrics Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, All-India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi-110016, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. GUPTA, M.B.B.S. M. GUPTA, M.B.B.S. Senior Research Fellow in Pediatrics Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics, All-India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi-110016, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 1, February 1979, Pages 23–29, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.1.23 Published: 01 February 1979
Methodological problems involved in studying the differences in nutritional status between breast- and bottle-fed babies are discussed briefly. It is maintained that breast feeding is always superior for every population. The reason that studies do not always come to the same conclusion is that some studies are improperly carried out and others are inadequately analyzed. Use of a biased sample constitutes an example of an improperly conducted study. It is often difficult to obtain a representative sample in developing areas. Inadequate funding and pressures to present any findings regarding infant feeding and health in the community lead to studies conducted with biased samples. For example, samples from clinic or hospital patients are biased and do not adequately represent the health of the overall community. Inadequate analysis of study findings is exemplified by confusion between correlation and cause-effect relationships between variables.
Journal Article Human Milk and Breast Feeding: Recent Highlights Get access Derrick B. Jelliffe, M.D., Derrick B. Jelliffe, M.D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. F. Patrice Jelliffe, M.P.H. E. F. Patrice Jelliffe, M.P.H. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 5, October 1979, Pages 111–112, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.5.111 Published: 01 October 1979
Journal Article Intrauterine Infection, Fetal Growth and Mental Development Get access AARON LECHTIG, AARON LECHTIG Division of Human Development, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, (INCAP)Calzada Roosevelt, Zone 11, Guatemala, C.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar HERNAN DELGADO, HERNAN DELGADO Division of Human Development, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, (INCAP)Calzada Roosevelt, Zone 11, Guatemala, C.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MARC IRWIN, MARC IRWIN Division of Human Development, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, (INCAP)Calzada Roosevelt, Zone 11, Guatemala, C.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT E. KLEIN, ROBERT E. KLEIN Division of Human Development, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, (INCAP)Calzada Roosevelt, Zone 11, Guatemala, C.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar REYNALDO MARTORELL, REYNALDO MARTORELL Division of Human Development, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, (INCAP)Calzada Roosevelt, Zone 11, Guatemala, C.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar CHARLES YARBROUGH CHARLES YARBROUGH Division of Human Development, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, (INCAP)Calzada Roosevelt, Zone 11, Guatemala, C.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 5, October 1979, Pages 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.5.127 Published: 01 October 1979
Journal Article Nurses Study Growth Charts Get access MARGARET WOODLAND, M.B.E., S.R.N., S.C.M., H.V., MARGARET WOODLAND, M.B.E., S.R.N., S.C.M., H.V. The Tropical Child Health Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MARY KELLY, S.R.N., S.C.M. MARY KELLY, S.R.N., S.C.M. The Tropical Child Health Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 5, October 1979, Pages 139–142, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.5.139 Published: 01 October 1979
Journal Article Serum IgM of Neonates in a Rural Population in a Developing Country Get access M. A. PARENT, M.D., F.C.P(Paed.), D.Trop.D., M. A. PARENT, M.D., F.C.P(Paed.), D.Trop.D. Projet Tuniso-Belge de Mèdecine Intègrèe au Cap-BonB.P. 10, Nabeul, Tunisia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar S. KHADRAOUI, M.D., Paediatrician S. KHADRAOUI, M.D., Paediatrician Institut National de Santé de I'EnfanceTunis, Tunisia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 5, October 1979, Pages 143–145, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.5.143 Published: 01 October 1979
Journal Article Towards the Establishment of Norms: (2) Skinfolds and Subcutaneous Fat for Africans of Two Socio-Economic Classes Get access KEVIN M. ETTA, M.S., Ph.D.(Reader), KEVIN M. ETTA, M.S., Ph.D.(Reader) Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar AJIT SINGH, M.S. Ph.D. (Visiting Professor) AJIT SINGH, M.S. Ph.D. (Visiting Professor) Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Volume 25, Issue 5, October 1979, Pages 119–126, https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/25.5.119 Published: 01 October 1979
