In Brazil, abortion is considered a crime, with rare exceptions even abortion is one of the main causes of maternal mortality. It should be an emphasized that among the most frequent reasons for abortion are pregnancies due to rape, that is, sexual violence. This situation requires measures to combat this type of violation of the human rights of women. Another important gap that leads women to resort to abortion as a means of controlling procreation refers to the unmet needs of family planning, requiring attention by the public health system, access to more diversified methods of family planning, and reproductive care for the rational use of services that perform legal abortion, thereby reducing maternal mortality, in accordance with the commitments made by the leaders of the United Nations towards sustainable development objectives.
Television in Germany was in its infancy, when party spots appeared for the first time during the 1957 parliamentary election campaign. Political advertising was only permitted during the last weeks of the election campaign. Germany features a parliamentary system which is dominated by parties. Germany's electoral system further adds to the influential role of the parties. It is a mixed-member proportional system giving each voter two votes. Since about the mid 1970s, German parties have focused their election campaigns on television. German media law is very fragmented, which is mostly due to the fact that the legislative jurisdiction for the media lies with the 16 federal states. Due to Germany's electoral system, only parties and not individual candidates can get broadcast time for their electoral advertising. Each party registered for an election has the right to obtain free airtime on the public television channels. In Germany, research into party advertising took off in the early 1990s.
In Finland, the first midwifery associations were founded in 1898. During the early years, the central aim of the associations was to improve the social and economical status of midwives. General meetings of midwives were held where, in addition to following presentations, midwives had a chance to discuss specific issues of the profession. In the third general meeting, the initiative was taken to form a central administration and, through different stages The Central Federation of the Finnish Midwife Associations was founded in 1919. Later the name was changed into The Finnish Federation of Midwives.
The abortion rates have increased slightly. In the statistics, the proportion of women having already given birth has become greater. New mothers should be informed of contraception. It should be emphasized that nursing is an effective method of contraception only if the mother has not had her menstruation yet and if the baby is totally breast-fed. Condom, pessary and copper coil are good contraceptives during nursing. New methods are being developed constantly, such as Nesteroni.
In the article, a method developed by John Billings is introduced, based on the presumption that a woman will learn to know her fertile days and the day of ovulation by observing the consistency of the cervical mucus. The method has many uses. The woman gets to know her body and its functions. The woman can avoid becoming pregnant without long periods of continence and she can get pregnant when she wants it herself. The method can also provide help in various problems of childlessness.
In the article, the Open Door for the Young, activity of the Finnish Population and Family Welfare Federation is introduced. The writer emphasizes the importance of cooperation and right timing in providing sexual advice to young people.
Despite of the many possibilities there are some situations where no method of contraception seems to be suitable. The reasons for this may be medical and clear such as rise of blood pressure, which is an obstacle to using combination pills. Sometimes a question arises, whether the feelings are really caused by the contraceptive method, or does the woman possibly blame contraception for some other reason.
Introduction of the contraceptive launched in the market in January.
The most established hormonal method of subsequent contraception is the so-called Yuzpe-method; another important method is placement of a copper coil. Hormonal subsequent contraception has no health-hazardous side effects, so there is nothing to prevent its use but a known pregnancy. More information about subsequent contraception and easier distribution are seen as important means of decreasing unwanted pregnancies as well as abortions.
Is there any other positive reason for using a condom, from a man's point of view, than contraception and prophylaxy? There are no studies on the effects of using a condom on the sensation. The writer started a study on the topic.
In the Nordic countries, Finland leads the sterilization statistics, but the proportion of men is smaller than in the other countries. In 1995, a project was started where men are offered vasectomy as an option of contraception. Vasectomy is a short, typical outpatient, easy-to-do operation. Only topical anaesthesia and a short sick leave are needed. Vasectomy is an efficient and cheap contraceptive method. After the operation, the sexual functions remain unchanged. Since there is hidden need for increasing vasectomy, what we need is more publicity and information. Neither clients nor professionals have enough knowledge about this method.
An Australian-Finnish midwife tells about her experiences when working as a midwife and a teacher in Papua New Guinea.
The writer thinks that centralization gives the most effective results. The inhabitants of different parts of a town would also be in an equal position in this kind of a system.
Sterilization affects measurably the circulation and the functioning of the ovaries, but further studies are required to estimate the clinical meaning of the change.
