A cross was made of Elymus repens onto the wheat cultivar Crocus and BC1 progeny advanced to BC1F7 by single seed descent. Sixteen lines were selected based on agronomic performance and evaluated in an FHB epiphytotic nursery. Eight lines with FHB resistance were selected. Based on GISH analysis, line PI 142-3-1-5 had 42 chromosomes with one pair of chromosomes showing telomeric translocations on both arms. This chromosome was identified as 3D by using SSR markers. An evaluation of lines with single translocations revealed that FHB resistance was contributed by the translocation on the long arm of chromosome 3D. That line has minimal linkage drag and should be amenable to applications inbreeding for disease resistance.
Nuruozak (Salvia leriifolia Benth), is a perennial herbaceous plant that is endemic to Iran and has recently been introduced as a medicinal plant. Artificial polyploidy is an efficient method to increase the production of secondary metabolites and can result in a whole spectrum of genetic, molecular and physiological modifications. In order to produce an autotetraploid population of nuruozak, various concentrations of colchicine (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 or 0.50% w/v) were applied to the seeds and shoot apical meristems of young seedlings at the fourth leaf-stage. Microscopic studies, flow cytometry analysis and chromosome counting were conducted to select tetraploid nuruozak plants. Furthermore, the effects of ploidy level on the essential oil content and composition and biomass production of nuruozak plants, as well as selected structural and physiological characteristics were studied. Based on the number of the obtained tetraploids, treatment of shoot apical meristems was more efficient than seed treatment. Structural and phytochemical characteristics, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were affected by the increase in ploidy level. In addition to the higher potential in biomass production, tetraploid plants produced eight new compounds which were absent in diploids.
The degree of dominance and the heritability coefficient have been investigated as the markers of allelic interactions of the loci Rht8 and Rht-B1. The interaction is characterized by partial or total dominance or even by overdominance of greater plant height and by low or medium heritability. The alleles that exert a weaker direct negative effect or no such effect predominate over the alleles that predispose to a more pronounced reduction of plant height. The impact of weather conditions on the switch of dominance is discussed. The Kooperatorka line has an additional allele (or alleles) that predisposes to greater plant height; the mode of inheritance of these alleles is partially recessive. An unidentified semidominant gene (or genes) that determines small plant height is present in the genotype of the Odes’ka 3 line. The presence of heterosis related to heterozygosity for certain genes not critically relevant for the present study makes the assessment of the allelic interaction characteristics under investigation more complicated.
ISSR-PCR markers were used to assess genetic diversity and to elucidate relatedness among 21 Ukrainian and three West-European sweet cherry cultivars that are widely cultivated in Ukraine. The discriminatory potential was tested for 11 ISSR-PCR primers, which produced 193 amplicons. UBC 835, 836, 841, and 881 were identified as the best primers suitable for routine application. The studied cultivars appear to be genetically highly heterogenic and can be divided into two main groups. The first one includes closely related cultivars obtained by hybridization of Drogans gelbe Knorpelkirsche, Valerii Chkalov, and some other forms. The second group comprises less similar cultivars derived from several West-European and unknown ancestors. Origin of several Ukrainian cultivars is discussed.
The transcriptomes from different organs and tissues of western poplar, eucalyptus, soybean, and common bean were studied. The expression level of cellulose synthase genes was notably different in different types of tissues and organs in studied plants. For common bean and eucalyptus transcriptome, the domination of certain cellulose synthase genes was typical. These prevailing genes made up more than 50% of the total expression pull of cellulose synthases. On the contrary, cellulose synthase expression pulls of western poplar and soybean were distributed between multiple genes. The different expression strategies of CesA-genes may reflect phylogenetic processes that occurred in genomes studied.
The genotypic features of morphogenesis and regeneration in vitro for five maize inbreds of perspective breeding Lancaster heterotic group compared to representatives of others heterotic groups – PLS61, A188 and Chi31 were studied. It was identified that the ratio of such types of morphogenesis as organogenesis and embryoidogenesis in callus culture was determined by the explant genotype and the concentration of sucrose in the medium for callusogenesis. The frequency of embryoidogenesis as the most effective type of morphogenesis for further regeneration in Lancaster inbreds averaged about 40.0 ± 12.8 %, while for other heterotic groups it was only 14.0 ± 4.0 %. For Lancaster heterotic group sucrose at the concentration of 30 g/l in the medium for callusogenesis provided further regeneration through embryoidogenesis at the level of 26.5 ± 15.4 %, but sucrose at the concentration of 60 g/l provided it at 57.7 ± 19.8 %. For inbreds which represent other heterotic groups sucrose content in the medium for callusogenesis did not affect further regenaration, the level of embryoidogenesis at 30 and 60 g/l sucrose amounted 11.0 ± 7.0 and 15.0 ± 4.8 % correspondingly.
Development of RNAi-based therapeutics is a fast growing field of the pharmaceutical industry. Using plants for production of pharmaceutically valuable siRNAs may have significant advantages of costeffectiveness, scalability, and low risk of contamination with human pathogens. If edible plant species are genetically engineered to synthesize siRNAs, the costly stage of target product purification may be omitted. We describe the establishment of transgenic lettuce plants producing shRNA targeting delta isoform of protein kinase C (PKC-delta), an effective target for RNAi-based treatment of arterial hypertension. Transgenic lettuce plants were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with genetic constructs harboring antiPKC and scrambled (control) shRNA genes. The presence of transgenes was proven by PCR analysis, and the accumulation of antiPKC shRNA was estimated using the RT-qPCR technique. Six transgenic lettuce lines showed varying levels of antiPKC shRNA expression with the highest value reaching 14 ± 9% of highly abundant endogenous lettuce micro RNA (miR156a), or 12.7 fmol/g dry weight. Plants carrying either antiPKC or scrambled shRNA genes flowered normally but did not produce seeds. The described transgenic lettuce plants accumulating antiPKC siRNA are the subject for animal testing and can be considered as raw material for the development of novel antihypertensive drugs.
The article discusses the effects of real and simulated microgravity on certain cell components and processes, using, among others, the recently received new data. A substantial importance is given to the effect of microgravity on the state of cytoplasmic membrane, transcriptome and proteome, cell wall, and Ca2+-signaling in plant cells that are not specialized for the perception of gravity. The authors underline the exceptional significance of data about the organ-specific reactions of transcriptome and proteome to spaceflight conditions, which suggest novel integrated approaches to the solution of basic and applied problems in plant space biology.
MuDR exhibits the highest transposition activity and insertional mutagenesis frequency in Mutator (Mu) family. If we isolate the MuDR-insertion-specific flanking sequences (MuDRFs), it will be crucial for using Mu element-mediated mutants. The MuDR-TAIL-PCR system was constructed and optimized using a combination of MuDR-TIR-nested specific primers and 12 arbitrary degenerate (AD) primers, modified reaction system and procedure and mutant DNA templates of 87 genotypes from M2 or М2:3 families created by crossing the W22::Mu line (active MuDR donor parent) from the UniformMu population with the Zong31 (Z31) line (recipient parent). Here 129 different MuDRFs were acquired by MuDR-TAIL-PCR, accounting for 86.60% of the total mutant-specific agarose gel bands. In addition, we confirmed the authenticity of the non-redundant flanking sequence amplifications. The amplified non-redundant flanking sequences accounted for 65.12% of the total MuDRFs, and 88.00% of the non-redundant MuDRFs were inserted inside the genes. These results show that the MuDR-TAIL-PCR system that we developed can be used for specifically isolating MuDRFs.
A novel AluI-polymorphism in the fourth intron of chicken growth hormone gene was shown. The cytosine to thymine transition in the restriction site for AluI was detected. Primers flanking the 460 bp fragment of the fourth intron containing a polymorphic restriction site for AluI were designed. The nucleotide sequence fragments amplified polymorphic variants were determined. Using designed primers, the genetic structure of populations of White Plymouth Rock, Poltava Clay, Rhode Island Red, and Borkovskaya Barvistaya chicken breeds were analyzed. It was found that growth hormone gene (by AluI-polymorphism in the fourth intron) was polymorphic in all experimental populations. Frequencies of alleles C and T in chicken population of White Plymouth Rock breed were 0.14 and 0.86, Rhode Island Red were 0.3 and 0.7, Poltava Clay were 0.04 and 0.96, and Borkovskaya Barvistaya were 0.08 and 0.92, respectively. The tendency to increase egg production and egg weight of chicken with C/C genotype and meat quality (live weight, carcass weight, weight of pectoral muscles) of chickens with genotype T/T of Rhode Island Red chicken breed was shown.
Results of fluorescence microscopic study and quantitative luminescent analysis of pathogen induced callose accumulation in winter wheat seedlings of two cultivars with different resistance to causal agent of eyespot disease are presented. Higher content of constitutive callose in intact seedlings of unsusceptible cultivar at the initial stages of vegetation was determined. It correlates with resistance of this cultivar to Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides—causal agent of eyespot disease. The increased pathogen induced accumulation of callose in seedlings of susceptible cultivar was revealed, however, it did not influence it protection against pathogen.
The study of viruses lasts for more than a century since their discovery in 1892. In recent decades, viruses are also being actively exploited as a biotechnological tool. Plant-virus-driven transient expression of heterologous proteins is an actively developing production platform; it is the basis of several industrial processes that are currently being used for the production of multiple recombinant proteins. Viral vectors have also become useful tools for research. Viral vectors delivered by Agrobacterium (magnifection) provide for high pro-tein yield, rapid scale up and fast manufacturing. In this review, we explore modern approaches for bio technological production of recombinant proteins in plants using viral vectors.
The results of studied interaction of genes CTR1, ALF3 and NPH4, IAR2 at the inheritance of the root system features of Arabidopsis were presented. A recessive epistasis was found in the second generation of crossing of plant mutant lines ctr1-1 × alf3-1 (alf3-1 alf3-1 > CTR1_). Crossing plant mutant lines nph4-1 × iar2-1 resulted in a polymeric cooperation of genes NPH4 and IAR2 in F2 generation.
The influence of treatment with the donor of nitric oxide sodium nitroprusside (SNP – 0,5 mM) on the salt resistance of Arabidopsis plants of wild-type (Col-0) and transformant with the gene of bacterial salicylatehydroxylase (NahG) was compared. The basic resistance against the salt stress (200 mM of NaCl) in transformants NahG was higher. In the conditions of salt stress these plants differed in the higher activity of antioxidant enzymes and the raised content of carbohydrates and anthocyans. The treatment with NO donor increased the salt resistance of plants of both genotypes that expressed in the decrease of growth inhibition, reduction of oxidative damages and preservation of chlorophyll pool in the leaves. After the influence of salt stress the activity of superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase in treated with SNP wild type plants and transformants was higher, than in the appropriate untreated plants. In the wild type plants, treated with NO donor, the content of proline in leaves after the salt stress was lower, than in untreated. The treatment with SNP of transformants NahG, on the contrary, led to more essential increase of proline content in leaves under the salt stress. The conclusion is made that plants of wild type Col-0 and transformant NahG have differences in the functioning of protective systems under the salt stress, and the induction of protective systems in A. thaliana plants under the influence of nitric oxide can occur without salicylate participation.
Achievements of cell and genetic engineering that led to formation of a new genetics chapter— transmission genetics—have been described. Results have been analyzed and new opportunities in the field of transgenomic somatic hybrids and cybrid obtaining, production of transgenic plants with agronomic pharmaceutical application, development of transplastomic plants, and accumulation of recombinant proteins by using the transient expression of foreign genes in plants have been shown.
Formaldehyde (FA) interacts with biological molecules such as DNA and it induces DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs), oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), methylation, chromosomal damage, fragmentation, and adducts of DNA, which are considered the most important genotoxic effects caused by exposure to FA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the percentage of DNA fragmentation on lymphocytes and spermatozoa from Wistar rats exposed to different doses of FA. The results about the percentage of fragmentation of DNA in lymphocytes and spermatozoa, were statistical different from controlled group versus treated groups respectively to (p < 0.05). Pathological changes were observed in the seminiferous tubules, especially in rats exposed to 30 mg/kg of FA. This study provided additional evidence supporting that FA induces DNA strand breaks in both cells and therefore genotoxic damage in Wistar rats.
Diversity of Ukrainian winter common wheat varieties was studied with respect to the storage protein loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1, Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Gli-A3, Gli-B5, and Gli-A6 (362 varieties) and markers for the Lr34/Yr18/Pm38/Sr57/Bdv1 gene conferring moderate resistance to a number of biotrophic pathogens, the Tsn1 gene for sensitivity to the toxins A of the necrotrophic fungi Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Stagonospora nodorum, the Tsc2 gene for sensitivity to the toxin B of P. tritici-repentis, and the TDF_076_2D gene for moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight (181 varieties). Significant differences in frequencies of alleles at these marker loci between groups of varieties developed in different soil and climatic zones were revealed. The retention of a set of predominant alleles in groups of varieties of a certain zone in different periods of breeding was confirmed. At the same time, the appearance of new allele associations in the groups of varieties of the Steppe (in particular Gli-A1g and Glu-B1al) and the Central Forest-Steppe (1AL/1RS and Glu-B1d) in the last two decades has been noted. Nonrandom associations between alleles of disease resistance genes as well as alleles of disease resistance genes and storage protein alleles were revealed.
This survey paper contains a brief analysis of publications included in the current issue of the scientific journal Cytology and Genetics dedicated to its 50th anniversary. These papers reflect scientific achievements of their authors in the field of genetics and cell biology and underline the potential of these two biological disciplines, forming the double helix of the journal.
Comparative studies of genetic variability were undertaken for 12 allozyme loci selections of trees and embryos of seed, and also for the crossing systems in five populations of Koch pine of (Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex Koch) in Crimea. It was shown that in seed embryos the allelic variety peculiar to the maternal plants was restored, however the level of the available (H₀) heterozygosity was considerably lower, 0.286 and 0.189 respectively. For the embryos unlike the trees, in the majority of the analyzed loci the considerable divergence was specific in the actual distribution of genotypes from the theoretically expected according to Hardy- Weinberg law. The proportion of cross pollination at the unilocal (t(s)) estimation varied from 0.384 to 0.673 in the populations, while at the multilocal ones (t(m)) it was 0.639-0.841.
Root anatomy, cytoskeleton orientation and cell wall thickness in cells of the roots formed de novo in vitro under clinorotation (simulated microgravity) were investigated. Structure of the embryonic roots and of the roots formed de novo in cambium cells of the leaf petiole explants was shown to be similar. Root cell differentiation in vitro under clinorotation did not differ from that in control. Changes of tubulin microtubules' orientation in the epidermis of the distal elongation zone were observed under clinorotation that seems to be associated with specific physiological properties of the cells. Under clinorotation, the tendency of cell wall thinning was detected in the root cells formed in vitro.
