Introduction: Scabies, a contagious skin infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, remains a significant public health concern, particularly in resource-limited settings. Despite its widespread occurrence, limited evidence exists on its burden and determinants in Zambia, especially among children in rural areas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of scabies and identify factors contributing to its outbreak among children in Kabanga Village, Samfya District, Zambia. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 255 caregivers selected through systematic random sampling (interval = 2). Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using SPSS version 29. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed, with Chi- square tests used to explore associations between scabies prevalence and potential determinants. Statistical significance was set at p ≤0.05. Results: Among participating children, 54% were female, and 60.6% were aged between 5 and 9 years. Most caregivers (65.2%) had completed primary education. The overall prevalence of scabies among children was 54.0% (95% CI: 47.1%–60.8%). Factors significantly associated with scabies occurrence included the child's age (p = 0.037), caregiver's education level (p = 0.043), household size (p = 0.043), contact with known scabies cases (p = 0.001), and bathing frequency. Common preventive practices included daily skin checks for rashes (89.3%), surface disinfection several times per week (54.5%), and waiting for symptoms to subside before seeking care (47.5%). Despite some preventive behaviours, inconsistent practices contributed to continued transmission. Conclusion: The high prevalence of scabies among children in Kabanga Village is strongly linked to social, behavioural, and environmental factors. Strengthening community education, promoting improved hygiene behaviours, and enhancing access to healthcare services are critical interventions to reduce scabies transmission and improve child health outcomes in rural Zambia.
Background Global prevalence of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is 5 % - 10 %, while the burden in sub-Saharan Africa is as high as 24%. Clinically, PUD can result in complications such as perforation or progression to malignancy. Our study describes the clinical history and endoscopic features of patients with PUD undergoing an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at a tertiary academic center in Zambia. Methods A descriptive retrospective analysis was conducted of patients with PUD who had undergone an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between January 2018 and March 2023. EGD records were retrieved and manually assessed for inclusion criteria. Extracted data included: demographics (age, gender) and clinical history (procedure indication and endoscopic findings). Results Three thousand EGD reports were identified, of which 1024 were included in the final analysis. There were 578 males (56%) and 446 females (44%). Most patients 374 (36%) were in the 20-39 age group followed by 355 (35%) in the 40-59 age group, 214 (21%) in the 60-79 age group. Forty-eight (5%) were over 79 years old (80-96) and 33 (3%) were younger patients (11-19). The most common indication for an EGD was epigastric pain (638, 62%), followed by hematemesis (146, 14%), dysphagia (114, 11%), melena (76, 8%) and microcytic anemia (50, 5%). 492 had gastric ulcers (48%), 368 duodenal ulcers (36%) and 164 had both gastric and duodenal ulcers (16%). Conclusion Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) may be suspected clinically, however, an (EGD) is required to confirm the diagnosis. Understanding the demographics and clinical features provides information to establish etiology and explore further studies.
Background: Triage is essential for managing overcrowding in emergency departments, where timely and accurate decisions influence patient outcomes. Gaps in knowledge and practice among medical students may limit their readiness to apply triage effectively. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of medical students at Al-Neelain University regarding triage and patient disposition. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 283 medical students at Al-Neelain University, Sudan, in 2024–2025. Data were collected using a structured 20-item questionnaire covering knowledge, attitudes, and practices, and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Overall, 56.5% reported familiarity with the triage system, but only 30.7% demonstrated knowledge of patient disposition. Attitudes were favorable, with 54.1% strongly agreeing and 17.7% agreeing on the importance of triage during emergencies. Practice was limited: 82.7% had no prior training, and 89.0% had never participated in triage activities. Most participants expressed low confidence in making disposition decisions under pressure. Conclusion: Medical students showed positive attitudes but insufficient knowledge and practice regarding triage. Curriculum integration of structured training and simulation exercises is recommended to enhance preparedness for emergency care.
Background and Aim: University students experience a wide range of challenges in their academic and personal lives which can later escalate to mental stress and anxiety disorders, ultimately preventing them from reaching their milestones. This study therefore aimed to explore the academic, personal and mental health needs of students at ridgeway campus of the University of Zambia. Methods: The researchers utilized Qualitative research method that used an interpretive phenomenological study design. It involved face to face interviews with Nine (9) students admitted in various schools at Ridgeway Campus of the University of Zambia. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results: The themes derived from the data included: Campus Adjustment Challenges, Study logistical constraints, need for adequate infrastructure and proposed solutions to management. Students mentioned the need for money, electronic devices such as laptops and smartphones for academic purposes; accommodation, counselling services, enhanced support from lecturers and increased psychological stress which leads to depression as the main mental condition. Participants suggested encouraging entrepreneurship ventures for students, as well as having a support unit in the school with improved student communication as ways for the University to assist them. Conclusion: Addressing student needs at the University of Zambia will enhance student performance and mental health wellbeing.
Background: A person's age, career, lifestyle, and many other factors may contribute to the rapid rise in spine-related illnesses. Medication used after early discovery can help lower the disease's risk. However, the majority of data on the effectiveness of rehabilitation and physiotherapy programs for older individuals with cervical spondylosis can only be traced to other nations. As the existing data does not provide a comprehensive picture of cervical spondylosis experiences across the nation, Zambia finds it difficult to work within this constraint. The University Teaching Hospital is the country's highest referral hospital, catering to numerous referrals from all ten provinces of Zambia. The goal of this study, therefore, was to provide a clear picture of the satisfaction outcomes by describing the results of physiotherapy programs for senior patients at the University Teaching Hospital who have cervical spondylosis. Objective: To ascertain the satisfaction outcomes of physiotherapy programs in elderly patients with cervical spondylosis at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH), Zambia. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study. Data processing and analysis were done using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows. A chi-square statistical test was used to determine the association of variables, and the significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Respondents who took part in the study included 20 females (55.6%) and 16 males (44.4%), with the most participants having cervical spondylosis (CS) for less than a year (36.1%), followed by those who had cervical spondylosis for more than 5 years (27.7%). Conclusion: The positive outcomes underscore the importance of continued investment in physiotherapy services, emphasizing patient- centered approaches and accessibility. By addressing the limitations and exploring future research avenues, healthcare providers can further enhance the quality of care and patient experiences.
Introduction: Midgut malrotation is a rare congenital anomaly in adults that can cause acute abdomen due to bowel obstruction and ischemia. Early diagnosis is challenging but crucial to prevent severe complications. Case Presentation: A 26-year-old male presented with acute abdominal pain, bilious vomiting, and obstipation. Imaging revealed small bowel obstruction. Emergency surgery showed midgut volvulus with extensive gangrenous bowel requiring resection. Only 30 cm of healthy small bowel remained, and a jejunoileal anastomosis was performed. Results: Postoperative management included total parenteral nutrition and gradual oral feeding. The patient developed features of short bowel syndrome due to massive bowel loss but was discharged with follow-up care. Conclusion: Adult midgut malrotation, though rare, should be considered in acute abdomen cases without prior surgery. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Introduction: Bladder Outlet Obstruction (BOO) due to urethral stone in an infant is rare, and may be misdiagnosed for other common causes such as posterior urethral valves (PUV), hence it requires a higher index of suspicion. However, the lack of facilities for endoscopic surgery and stone analysis in low-resource-settings, with associated financial constraint, hinders proper evaluation and management of this condition. This report discusses the rare presentation and management of a 9-month-old infant with BOO secondary to an obstructing posterior urethral stone, while highlighting the challenges of management of this condition in a resource limited setting. Patient's concerns and clinical findings He presented on account of difficulty in passing urine of 3 weeks duration, culminating into an episode of acute urinary retention, with associated suprapubic swelling. Abdominal USS done was suggestive of PUV, however VCUG was essentially normal. Primary diagnosis, intervention and outcome An initial assessment of acute urinary retention secondary to BOO from suspected PUV was made, which was relieved with urethral catheterization. He subsequently had a cystoscopy which excluded PUV, with findings of multiple bladder- trabeculations, a moderately dilated posterior- urethra and a non-impacted smooth greyish-colored stone measuring about 4mm by 5mm in the posterior urethra, for which he had an open cystolithotomy. Post operative period was uneventful, and he was discharged to be followed up in clinic for further evaluation. He is currently voiding satisfactorily per urethra at 6 months follow-up with no recurrence of symptoms. Analysis of the stone could not be done also, due to unavailable facilities for stone analysis, and parents are unavailable to do other requested investigations due to financial constraint. Conclusion: BOO from a urethral stone is a rare diagnosis in an infant, hence it requires a high index of suspicion. In resource limited settings, appropriate evaluation and management may be hindered, due to limitations in facilities and financial resources.
Backgrond: Generic medicines are globally recognized as cost-effective alternatives to originator brands (OBs). In Zimbabwe, despite their widespread use in private pharmacies, public trust in generics remains low. This study explored psychosocial, clinical, and supply-side factors influencing the use of generic medicines among patients and pharmacists. The objective of the study was to explore perceptions of patients and pharmacists toward generic medicines in Zimbabwe's private pharmacies. Methods: A qualitative study involving 30 patients and 20 pharmacists from Harare and Bulawayo was conducted using semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis followed Braun & Clarke's six- step framework, supported by Nvivo. Results: While most patients used generics, their use was driven by availability and affordability, not trust. Confusion prevailed regarding medicine classification, with many mistaking branded generics for originator brands. Pharmacists reported limited OBs stocking and expressed concern over patient misperceptions. Regulatory visibility was low. Conclusion: The study reveals significant confusion around branding and limited patient confidence in generics, underscoring the need for targeted education, visible quality assurance, and pharmacist training.
Background: Malaria remains a major public health problem in Zambia. Knowledge, attitudes and prevention practices influence the uptake and sustainability of malaria control interventions. This study assessed knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria prevention in the Nyimba Urban Clinic catchment area of Nyimba District, Zambia. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted among adult household heads or delegated household heads in the Nyimba Urban Clinic catchment area. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.0. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics and malaria prevention measures. Associations between demographic characteristics and attitudes were assessed using the chi-square test. Ethical approval was obtained from the Lusaka Apex Medical University Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. Results: Of 384 targeted participants, 350 participated, giving a response rate of 91.1%. Most participants were aware of malaria, and 53.0% had good knowledge of malaria prevention. Positive attitudes towards malaria prevention were reported by 89.0% of participants. Good malaria prevention practices were reported by 97.4% of participants. Sleeping under insecticide-treated nets was the most commonly practised prevention method. Level of education was significantly associated with attitude towards malaria prevention (p = 0.035). Conclusion: The community in the Nyimba Urban Clinic catchment area had generally good knowledge, positive attitudes and good practices towards malaria prevention. However, context- specific strategies are still needed to strengthen prevention uptake and address the persistent malaria burden.
Background: Immune non-response despite sustained HIV viral suppression remains a clinical challenge. We report a patient with a prolonged plateau in CD4 count who experienced a marked rise following correction of vitamin D insufficiency. Case presentation: A 48-year-old man with chronic HIV infection, fully adherent to antiretroviral therapy and virologically suppressed for at least two years (2022-2024), developed disseminated osteoarticular tuberculosis involving the left hip and shoulder. After completing prolonged anti- tuberculosis therapy, his viral load remained suppressed (40 copies/mL) but CD4 count plateaued at 426 cells/mm3. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 25 ng/mL (insufficient). Vitamin D3 60,000 IU weekly was initiated. After six months, CD4 count increased to 1,071 cells/mm3 while viral suppression was maintained, with no change in antiretroviral regimen or other concurrent therapies. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation temporally coincided with accelerated CD4 recovery in a virologically suppressed patient with prior poor immunological recovery. Causality cannot be inferred from a single case; controlled studies are required to clarify whether vitamin D repletion benefits immune non-responders.
Context: hospital waste is a reservoir of micro- potentially dangerous organizations likely to infect hospitalized patients, providers, surface agents and the general public. Objective: this study aimed to assess the hospital waste management system in the health structures of Mwene-Ditu and the health risks of providers and surface staff. Methods: It was an analytical study conducted from 01 to 30 July 2023. The study population consisted of care providers, as well as surface staff of the health structures of Mwene-Ditu. We used a simple probabilistic sampling. The minimum size of the sample was calculated using EPI Info, version 7.2.6.0 (n = 271 households, with an error margin of 0.05%). A logistic regression model was built by the step -by -step selection method with an input probability of 0.05 and 95%CI. Results: Hospital waste management practices were Deemed safe in 62.4 % of respondents. About 68 % declared to use suitable personal protective equipment (PPE). Two risk factors were significantly associated with poor waste management: the absence of PPE (or = 5.64; CI95%: [2,29–13.89]; p <0.001) and the lack of training in hospital waste management (or = 8.25; CI95%: [2.69–25.29]; p <0.001). These results highlight the importance of capacity building and supply to equipment to improve health security. Conclusion: The Hospital Waste Management System in Mwene-Ditu has globally safe practices, but remains faced with major challenges, including the lack of personal protective equipment and the insufficient training of involved personnel.
Background In Zambia, the rapid expansion of health training institutions has outpaced available infrastructure and teaching staff, creating significant challenges in healthcare training. Clinical teaching and learning opportunities on actual patients are limited, as patients are more informed, have higher expectations, and often decline to participate in bedside education. This situation makes it difficult for students to gain the required clinical skills. Clinical skills laboratories have emerged as a vital solution, offering a safe and supportive environment. Many training institutions cannot adequately equip their skills labs despite their importance, as mannequins and models are often too costly. Summary of Work SolidarMed established and operationalised two Vocational Centres of Excellence (VCE) at Kabwe Central and Kafue General Hospitals to address these challenges. Each VCE has an e-learning suite, basic and advanced skills labs, and multipurpose halls. Additionally, a multidisciplinary preceptorship (MDP) training was implemented for healthcare educators to enhance their teaching and mentorship capacity. Results The VCEs have already demonstrated notable early impacts. In 2024, there were over 12,000 learning encounters, with about 140 trained multidisciplinary preceptors. Healthcare educators have shown improved attitudes toward student teaching, with many reporting increased confidence and enthusiasm and stronger collaboration and communication. Healthcare training infrastructure and access to information, communication, and technology have expanded. Conclusion The VCEs provide high-quality, standardised environments for healthcare training, addressing critical gaps in clinical education. However, challenges such as limited equipment and insufficient funds persist. We recommend that the Ministry of Health adopt this model and enact a policy for all training institutions.
Neck of femur (NOF) fractures are a common reason for referral to the radiology department, especially in elderly patients, with plain radiography being the first-line imaging modality for diagnosis. This imaging case report discusses an 85-year-old woman who presented with right hip pain following a fall and was diagnosed with a fractured NOF. She underwent hip hemiarthroplasty and, at a 3-month follow-up, had nearly regained her pre-fracture walking ability. The case highlights the importance of trauma and theatre radiography as specialised areas within diagnostic imaging, requiring technique adjustments due to the limited mobility and cooperation of trauma patients. Standard imaging for suspected NOF fractures should include an anteroposterior (AP) view of the pelvis and a horizontal beam lateral view of the affected hip to allow comparison of both hips, rule out additional injuries in the pelvis region, assess fracture displacement and comminution, and aid in pre-operative hip planning. Post-operative radiographs should also include both hips to evaluate implant positioning, alignment, and potential complications. In this imaging case report, variations in imaging were noted due to the lack of established protocols for trauma and theatre radiography at our radiology department, highlighting the need for standardised guidelines in these settings.
Gaucher Disease (GD) is one of the rare genetic disorders resulting from glucocerebrosidase deficiency. GD is a rare cause of pancytopenia in children, presenting significant diagnostic challenges in settings with limited resources. The limited awareness of GD1 in developing countries, particularly among primary care physicians, often leads to delayed diagnoses and severe complications. The diagnosis is confirmed based on the identification of reduced glucocerebrosidase activity and genetic testing. This case report presents a teenage patient from Zambia with classical signs of type 1 Gaucher disease (GD1). She presented with transfusion- dependent anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia and bone pain. The patient initially underwent splenectomy and later received enzyme replacement therapy due to non- availability initially, with clinical improvement. The case underscored critical diagnostic and treatment barriers in resource-limited settings. It also highlighted the urgent need for increased physician awareness and the development of a national rare diseases strategy to enable earlier intervention and improve patient outcomes.
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable disease among children exposed to infection. Despite the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendation for Isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy, TB remains prevalent, with 1.1 million global cases reported in 2022. In Zambia, the TB incidence stands at 307 cases per 100,000 people, with stigma and delayed diagnosis posing significant barriers to prevention efforts. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of INH initiation and its associated factors among children under five attending four selected public health facilities in Zambia between 2019 and 2021. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 421 participants from four public health facilities. Data were collected using a structured checklist and analysed using STATA 16.1 MP software. Binomial logistic regression was applied to obtain unadjusted and adjusted estimates at a 5% significance level. Results: Higher education was identified as a protective factor for INH initiation (AOR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.20–0.83, p=0.013). Religious practice significantly increased the likelihood of initiation (AOR=19.2, 95% CI: 2.50–147.7, p=0.005), whereas stigma reduced the odds of initiation (AOR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.24–0.91, p=0.025), underscoring its negative impact. Conclusion: INH initiation in children is significantly influenced by religious practices and community attitudes toward TB. To enhance uptake, targeted interventions should focus on addressing stigma, improving health education, and fostering community support for TB prevention efforts. However, the study is limited by its cross-sectional design, which does not establish causality, and the reliance on facility-based data, which may not capture broader community-level factors.
Background: Psychological distress is common among women diagnosed with breast cancer, particularly in low- to middle-income countries where mental health screening and psychosocial support services are limited. This study assessed the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among women with breast cancer at Zambia's national cancer referral hospital and explored patient-identified causes of distress. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based cross- sectional study among 113 women attending the Cancer Diseases Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Psychological distress was assessed using the 21- item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Participants also responded to structured questions about the perceived causes of their emotional burden. Descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the prevalence of depression and anxiety. Reported causes of distress were categorised thematically. Results: Nearly 70% of participants reported moderate-to-severe depression (69.1%, 95% CI: 60.1-77.1), and more than 60% experienced moderate-to-severe anxiety (61.9%, 95% CI: 52.6- 70.4). Severe depression was observed in 31.9% (95% CI: 23.7-41.1), while severe anxiety was present in 26.5% (95% CI: 18.7-35.5). The most frequently cited sources of emotional distress were fear of death (66.4%), body image changes (45.1%), financial burden (39.8%), and uncertainty about treatment (35.4%). Conclusion: The study highlights a substantial burden of psychological distress among women with breast cancer in Zambia. Routine mental health screening using validated tools such as BAI and BDI, combined with responsive psychosocial support, should be prioritised in oncology care. Strengthening psycho-oncology services is crucial for enhancing patient well-being and treatment adherence in low-resource settings.
Background: Individuals with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are at elevated risk of HIV acquisition, yet uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in STI service settings remains suboptimal, especially in high-burden countries. This study evaluated PrEP uptake and determinants among STI clinic attendees in Lusaka and Livingstone, Zambia. Methods: A retrospective observational study of 720 laboratory-confirmed, HIV-negative STI patients seen from January to December 2020 was conducted. Data were extracted from STI clinic records and PrEP files. Further, a cross-sectional survey of 45 healthcare workers (HCWs) working in STI delivery points was conducted to assess PrEP- related knowledge and training. Logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with PrEP uptake, reported as adjusted odds ratios (AORs). Results: PrEP was initiated by 34% of STI clinic attendees. Uptake was higher among those with multiple sexual partners (AOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.23–4.07), self-perceived HIV risk (AOR 2.48, 95% CI 1.47–4.19), prior PrEP use (AOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.22–3.58), and key population status (AOR 2.32, 95% CI 1.31–4.12). Lower uptake was observed among those formally married (AOR 0.25, 95% CI 0.13–0.45), with negative PrEP attitudes (AOR 0.18, 95% CI 0.10–0.33), or alcohol use (AOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09–0.27). Only 38% of HCWs were formally trained in PrEP. Conclusion: PrEP uptake in Zambian STI clinics is shaped by behavioural risk, perceived vulnerability, social context, and provider capacity. Optimizing HIV prevention requires integrating PrEP delivery in STI clinics with targeted interventions to address attitudinal barriers, and expanded HCW training.
Background: Amyand's hernia, a rare form of inguinal hernia in which the hernia sac contains a vermiform appendix, poses diagnostic challenges due to its variable clinical manifestations and nonspecific radiological findings, particularly in low-resource settings. We present two cases of Amyand's hernia, one with acute appendicitis and the other with a normal appendix. Both were managed successfully at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital. Case summary: Both patients presented with irreducible right inguinal or inguinoscrotal swellings, one of which was initially diagnosed as a strangulated hernia. Intraoperatively, the hernia sacs contained the appendix; one was inflamed. Appendicectomy and herniorrhaphy were performed in both cases. Postoperatively, both patients recovered well with no recurrence noted at follow-up. Conclusion: Amyand's hernia is a rare and unusual condition that requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis. Surgical exploration with appendicectomy remains the mainstay of treatment. This case series highlights the diverse ways Amyand's hernia can present and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention. Surgeons should consider Amyand's hernia as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with irreducible inguinal swellings and tailor treatment to intraoperative findings.
Background: Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (EmONC) signal functions and indicators are central to efforts to reduce preventable maternal and neonatal mortality. Their implementation in low- resource settings is often constrained by health care system, contextual, and data-related challenges. This study explored stakeholder perspectives on the relevance, feasibility, and utility of EmONC signal functions and indicators in Malawi. Methods: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study informed by a human-centred design (HCD) approach. Data were gathered through 10 semi- structured key informant interviews and one participatory co-design workshop with national policymakers, district health managers, safe motherhood coordinators, midwives, neonatal specialists, and implementing partners. Data were analysed thematically through an iterative, team- based process that integrated interview and workshop findings. Findings: Stakeholders affirmed the clinical and policy value of EmONC signal functions but noted implementation challenges at lower-level facilities, including limited provider confidence, low caseloads for key procedures, weak referral systems, and transport constraints. While indicators such as met need for EmONC and proportion of births in EmONC facilities were considered useful, participants raised concerns about data quality, infrequent reporting, vague definitions particularly for neonatal outcomes and indirect maternal deaths and contextual misalignment of caesarean section and case fatality rate indicators. Participants emphasised the need for indicators that better capture functional readiness, processes of care, and contextual interpretation of utilisation data. Conclusion: EmONC signal functions and indicators remain essential for strengthening maternal and newborn care in Malawi but require contextual adaptation. Refining indicator definitions, improving data systems, and integrating measures of quality, effective coverage, and referral functionality are critical for improving accountability and outcomes in Malawi and similar low-resource settings.
Abstract Cholera has been a problem affecting people, particularly in densely populated localities. This could be attributed to a myriad of factors such as erratic supply of water; indiscriminate disposal of refuse and poor hygienic practices. Health authorities have been proactive in sensitizing people on mind set change lessons regarding hygiene and provision of clean and safe water and garbage collection. Despite these interventions, Cholera has continued to affect people’s lives. This systematic review seeks to document barriers and enablers to implementing interventions aimed at preventing Cholera outbreaks in the country. Methodology In coming up with results that are accurate and unbiased, the researchers used various mechanisms such as the discussion of electronic records. PubMed and Google Scholar was used to derive keywords which were essential in determining the meaning of the discourse through co-text and context. This was done by relating key words to those words in a discourse, which preceded. Apart from these, peer-reviewed papers available in English, published between 1 January 2010 to 31 May 2023, were used. This was done with a view to come up with reliable and accurate data, quality assurance and was analysed using thematic analysis. Results The most important enablers associated with the implementation of cholera prevention interventions identified in various studies included: strong political dedication and investment, leadership at all levels, community partnerships to ensure that strategies are sought after to prevent cholera outbreaks. More fundamentally, however, there were some of obstacles envisaged regarding the implementation, included, unnecessary bureaucracies, inadequate funding, community involvement. Lastly, ineffective collaboration amongst stakeholders, especially in helping the citizens in aspects of behaviour change on matters of hygiene is matter of concern. Conclusion This systematic review has highlighted the importance of addressing barriers and enablers in the implementation of cholera prevention interventions to actualize success in controlling the spread of cholera. In addressing barriers, the research has put emphasis on aspects involving discussions of electronic records to illustrate barriers and enablers to the implementation of interventions aimed preventing cholera. Keywords: Enablers, Barriers, Cholera, Interventions, and Adherence
