False discovery rate (FDR) control is central to omics research, yet the diverse procedures used rely on different assumptions. This Comment proposes a 2 × 2 matrix that helps sequencing-based and mass-spectrometry-based omics researchers choose the appropriate family of FDR procedures, or alternative methods that may be more rigorous, depending on data and study design.
An analysis of Investigational New Drug (IND) submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 1995 to 2025 reveals a rapid growth in adeno-associated virus (AAV) development over three decades and highlights common reasons for regulatory holds that should be considered for successful product development.
Accurate short-term visibility forecasting is critical for safe and efficient airport operations, particularly during winter months when fog and mist frequently reduce runway visibility. The present study introduces a machine-learning-based 12 h visibility forecasting sysdrome Report (METAR) observations and engineered temporal and meteorological features. A direct multiapproach was employed to predict visibility at 30 min intervals across a 12 h horizon, capturing both persistence and dynamic changes. The model was evaluated in a real-time operational setting from 15 December 2025 to 31 January 2026, on a real-time basis, which was very helpful for the forecaster. Results indicate that the system reliably predicts short-term visibility trends, with the highest accuracy at 12 h lead times and strong performance during persistent fog events. The proposed framework offers a computationally efficient, interpretable, and operationally viable solution to support decision-making in aviation meteorology. Potential extensions include probabilistic forecasting, incorporation of upper-air and radiative variables, and multi-station deployment for broader applicability.
The present study evaluated the effects of foliar application of nano urea on the growth, seed yield and quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) during 2024-2025 at Nauni, Solan. A randomised complete block design comprising nine treatments with varying levels of basal nitrogen (0%-80%), nano urea (0.2%-0.6%) and conventional urea (0.4%-0.6%), along with 100% of the recommended dose of fertiliser, was employed. Foliar sprays were applied at 50% flowering and again 30 days later. The application of 60% basal nitrogen + 0.4% nano urea significantly enhanced plant growth, seed yield, nutrient uptake and seed quality. The combined application of nano urea with reduced basal nitrogen levels improved productivity while promoting more sustainable nitrogen management.
Organic extracts are promising replacements for synthetic chemicals since they provide both efficiency and yield excellent results. It is generally acknowledged that certain plant-based extracts and their combinations were turned into commercially ferent extracts - modified plant derivative extract (MPDE) and neem extract (NE) - are utilised to manage whitefly in soybean under organic farming conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies revealed the molecular groups that facilitate the insecticidal effect, namely alkanes (3000-2850 cm(-1)), aldehydes (1740 cm(-1)), alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids (2400-3400 cm-1), flavonoids, saponins and terpenes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed volatile fatty acids such as butanoic acid, butyric acid, 2-methyl butyric acid, and 3-methyl butyric acid were present in significant concentrations in MDPE (11.36%, 5.11%, and 19.12%, respectively), functioning as natural attractants for pest species. NEs complement MPDE with their pesticidal and therapeutic constituents. After characterisations, the field studies were conducted for two consecutive years with seven treatments. MPDE was applied at 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 L ha(-1), NE was applied at 3.75, 6.25, and 7.5 L ha(-1), and Neemazal (standard check) was applied at 0.75 L ha(-1) against whitefly on the soybean crop. Among various treatments besides the standard check, MPDE at 7.5 L ha(-1) and NE at 7.5 L ha(-1) were found effective due to low yield and a high BC ratio over the untreated control.
