OBJECTIVE This study analyzes current international approaches to the definition, terminology, classification, and clinical phenomenology of dystonia, adapts the 2025 international consensus for Russian clinical practice, and develops a unified Russian-language terminological standard. MATERIAL AND METHODS A panel of ten Russian movement disorder experts developed the consensus. The analysis included the 2013 and 2025 international consensus statements, clinical guidelines, and publications on the classification, phenomenology, pathophysiology, genetics, and treatment of dystonia indexed in PubMed and Web of Science (2013-2026). Terminology, definitions, and practical recommendations were established through expert discussions. RESULTS An adapted Russian-language version of the 2025 international consensus on Axis I of the clinical classification of dystonia is presented. The current disease definition, terminological standards, clinical phenomena, and accompanying signs of dystonia have been clarified. Terms not recommended for use have been identified, and algorithms for clinical assessment and differential diagnosis are proposed. Contemporary approaches to symptomatic therapy are outlined, with botulinum toxin type A recommended as first-line therapy for most focal and segmental forms of dystonia. CONCLUSIONS This consensus unifies terminology and clinical assessment of dystonia, adapts international guidelines for Russian-speaking practice, and supports standardized diagnosis, phenomenological description, and rational therapy selection.
This article presents an adapted Russian-language version of the 2025 International Consensus on the Classification of Dystonia, with particular emphasis on etiology and pathogenesis (Axis II). The revised classification integrates recent advances in the understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying dystonia. Axis II distinguishes between genetic and acquired etiologies, clarifies the anatomical classification of nervous system lesions, and introduces a new category for pathogenetic mechanisms, including developmental, degenerative, metabolic, and immune or inflammatory processes. The article highlights the adoption of the modern genetic nomenclature (Movement Disorder Society - MDS), which replaces the previous DYT locus system. A detailed analysis is provided for the pathogenetic mechanisms of drug-induced, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative forms of dystonia. The final section outlines etiopathogenetic therapies, including incobotulinum toxin A and neurosurgical interventions. The proposed two-axis system aims to systematize clinical data and improve the accuracy of dystonia diagnosis for both specialists and physicians in related fields.
Objective. To analyze the association between polymorphic variants of genes within the serotonergic system to elucidate their potential candidate role in the development of recurrent dorsalgia among adolescents. Material and methods. The study population consisted of Caucasian adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (n=817; mean age 14.38±1.92 years, boy/girl ratio — 45.4%/54.6%). The characteristics of recurrent dorsalgia were assessed in these adolescents, and saliva samples were collected for subsequent DNA isolation and genotyping of gene polymorphisms. Results. The findings indicate that the G allele of HTR1A rs6295 is protective against the severe pain in adolescents with recurrent dorsalgia. Conversely, the T rs6311 allele of the HTR2A gene and the A rs1799913 allele of the TPH1 gene were associated with an elevated risk of severe pain in this population. Conclusions. The results align with contemporary models of the role of the serotonergic system in mechanisms underlying the perception and tolerance of pain stimuli.
This article reviews scientific literature on the causes of school failure and the prevalence of academic difficulties among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It summarizes research on age-related changes in educational performance in children with ADHD and analyzes how psychological and neurological factors contribute to persistent learning difficulties. The review discusses current perspectives on primary neurocognitive deficits and executive dysfunctions associated with ADHD. It also highlights pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for addressing these challenges.
Objective. To assess the impact of the rs1801260 T>C polymorphism in the CLOCK gene and environmental light conditions on sleep quality and cytogenetic instability among children living at high latitudes. Material and methods. The study included 77 schoolchildren aged 15 to 17 years (mean age 15.4 years; 58.4% female). The rs1801260 polymorphism in the CLOCK gene was analyzed using buccal epithelial samples collected from healthy participants. Results. Individuals with the CC genotype at the rs1801260 polymorphism of the CLOCK gene exhibited a higher frequency of nuclear protrusions and reduced sleep quality compared to carriers of the T allele. Conclusions. The rs1801260 polymorphism in the CLOCK gene may be associated with increased sensitivity to genotoxic environmental factors.
