Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct that has shown utility in relation to important occupational, functional, and clinical outcomes (e.g., substance use and social functioning) in cross-sectional studies. However, trait assessments of impulsivity have shown less utility in prospectively predicting state instances of such outcomes. Proliferation of mobile technology allows for investigation into psychological phenomena in participants' daily lives, clarifying many momentary and prospective relationships. Studying impulsivity using daily-life methods offers promise in understanding impulsive processes and proximal influences on behavior. We conducted a systematic review of 89 studies, comprising 75 separate samples using 46 different state impulsivity measures, to evaluate the conceptualization and measurement of state impulsivity, as well as the evidence for the reliability and validity of scores on state impulsivity measures. Samples included community, clinical, and student populations, though most participants were young adults, female, and White. Overall, scores on state impulsivity measures demonstrated acceptable reliability and evidence of construct and criterion-related validity, though some facets and measures showed weaker or less consistent associations across outcomes. The findings also call attention to the substantial heterogeneity in measurement approaches, reporting practices, influential study characteristics, and relevant associations, indicating multiple areas for improvement in the measurement of state impulsivity. We make recommendations for future research based on the evidence presented, such as standardizing conventions for reporting psychometric evidence and effect sizes, as well as careful selection of measures and sampling procedures most suited to detecting the specific associations at the timescales those associations are expected to unfold. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Dyadic experience sampling method studies offer unique insights into daily life interpersonal processes, but little is known about data quantity and quality in such designs. In this preregistered analysis of existing data, we examined overall levels and methodological predictors of dyadic compliance, both partners responding to experience sampling method surveys, and report congruence, partners' alignment in responses regarding shared events. We analyzed eight studies comprising 1,153 romantic couples and 41,588 prompts. Most couples were different-gender; information on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status was not consistently available across data sets. Overall, dyadic compliance and congruence were high. Compliance was lower in studies with more surveys and shorter allowed response delays and higher later in the day. Congruence was higher as the study progressed and lower for retrospective or subjective events. These findings highlight the potential for high-quality dyadic experience sampling method data. Yet, they also underscore that different factors can affect data quantity and quality, emphasizing the importance of careful attention to study design. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Alongside excessive physical activity, individuals with eating disorders (EDs) frequently report a heightened urge to move and physical restlessness, which may contribute to both somatic and psychological burden. The State Urge to be Physically Active Questionnaire (SUPA-Q) specifically measures this acute, state-like dimension in ED patients, but a validated Italian version is not yet available. Two hundred thirty-three inpatients (93.6% female; Mage = 31.7 ± 14.3) formally diagnosed with EDs completed the SUPAQ-I alongside measures of compulsive exercise, exercise addiction, impulsivity, and ED psychopathology. Psychometric evaluation covered item performance, internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent/divergent validity, sensitivity to change, and exploratory clinical cutoffs. Paired-samples t tests assessed score changes. SUPAQ-I scores demonstrated excellent reliability (α = .958, ω = 0.959) and good factorial validity. Scores significantly positively correlated with ED severity (drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, overcontrol) and negatively with body mass index. Post hoc analyses revealed higher scores occurring in anorexia nervosa compared to binge-eating disorder, which decreased significantly over hospitalization, findings that are consistent with sensitivity to clinical change. High scores predominated in restrictive anorexia nervosa subtypes. Overall, findings support the psychometric adequacy of SUPAQ-I score interpretations for measuring acute movement urges in EDs. It appeared to capture an affect-driven and state-related dimension of movement urges related to, but not fully explained by, existing trait-based exercise measures and showed sensitive to clinical change. Further research is needed to refine cutoffs and examine the generalizability of these findings across populations and settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD; Salekin & Hare, 2016) self-report scale measures psychopathic traits and conduct disorder in children and adolescents. The present study tested the psychometric properties of the PSCD in a sample of middle-to-upper-income adolescents (N = 286, Mage = 15.40; SD = 1.21). Specifically, we tested the factor structure (one-, two-, three-, and four-factor models), convergent and discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity of the PSCD. As expected, we found that a four-factor PSCD model best fit the data. In addition, we found that the PSCD subfactors were intercorrelated, demonstrated good reliability, exhibited good convergent validity with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-based disruptive behavior disorders (i.e., conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and pertinent personality constructs (i.e., assured-dominant, cold-hearted), and demonstrated good discriminant validity with internalizing disorders (i.e., anxiety and depression) and relevant personality dimensions (i.e., warm-agreeable). Criterion-related validity analyses showed that the PSCD demonstrated the hypothesized relations with parenting practices, peer functioning, prosociality, relational aggression, antisocial conduct, substance use, impersonal/unsafe sex, and unsafe driving practices. The prevalence rate for elevated PSCD scores in this sample was found to be 3.4%. Findings indicate that the PSCD measure may help to advance our understanding of psychopathic personality specifiers for conduct disorder in middle-to-upper-income adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Suicide risk assessments require individuals to differentiate among types of suicidal thoughts (e.g., passive vs. active); yet most research relies on aggregate metrics that obscure this differentiation. Indeed, more severe forms of suicidal thinking are thought to involve the simultaneous experience of multiple forms of thoughts at high intensities. The present study draws on concepts from the affect differentiation literature to (a) examine different ways to operationalize differentiation in suicidal thinking and (b) compare differentiation in suicidal thinking with differentiation in affect. Adolescents (N = 200) recently hospitalized for suicidal thoughts and behaviors completed a 28-day ecological momentary assessment protocol assessing positive affect, negative affect, and suicidal thinking. The sample was 53% White, 21% Black, 13.5% multiracial, and 23% Hispanic/Latino; 52.5% identified as cisgender female, 17.5% cisgender male, 11.0% transgender, and 10% as genderqueer, nonbinary, or genderfluid. Differentiation in suicidal thinking was examined through three metrics: standard deviation (measuring item dispersion), Gini coefficient (measuring item inequality), and emodiversity (measuring item diversity and prevalence). Results revealed consistent positive associations between suicidal thinking differentiation and negative affect differentiation. When examining only occasions in which suicidal thinking was present, suicidal thinking differentiation was associated with increased differentiation in both positive and negative affect, beyond mean levels. Effect sizes ranged from small to large with narrow confidence intervals. Differences across metrics suggest that future research should carefully consider how to operationalize differentiation in the context of the specific data structure. Suicidal thinking differentiation represents a meaningful framework capturing clinically relevant heterogeneity in high-risk adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Prior research using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has been mixed in comparing signal- and event-contingent protocols' influence on research findings. No work has compared these approaches for high-severity, low-frequency behaviors for which event-contingent EMA is recommended, such as nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). We examined EMA data from 36 community-recruited, high-risk young adults; participants completed 1 week each of signal- and event-contingent EMA in randomized order. Event-contingent methods evinced higher NSSI urge mean and variability, but fewer total NSSI behaviors, compared to signal-contingent methods. NSSI correlates, such as suicidal ideation and negative affect, were more highly endorsed, but no more variable, across event- versus signal-contingent surveys. Associations between constructs at the same survey varied in strength by protocol type but inconsistently across examined predictors. Given the small sample size, and risk of Type 2 error, replication is needed in larger, more diverse samples. Results highlight the substantive impact of EMA sampling approach on observed data characteristics and associations, with implications for future EMA research examining high-severity, low-frequency behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The present study examined the development of updated risk levels and recidivism rates for the Violence Risk Scale-Youth Version (VRS-YV), a dynamic violence risk assessment and treatment planning tool, in a diverse Canadian sample of 404 court-adjudicated youth followed up an average of 8.6 years in the community. VRS-YV scores and those from a set of convergent measures of risk and protection were obtained from Court and Treatment file ratings; recidivism outcomes were obtained from criminal records. The distribution, discrimination, and calibration properties of VRS-YV scores were examined among Indigenous ethnoracial and gender groups to inform the development of evidence-based risk levels and violent recidivism rates associated with VRS-YV scores, applying the common language five-level framework. VRS-YV dynamic and total scores demonstrated good discrimination with medium to large effects in the prediction of violent and general recidivism across Gender × Ethnoracial groups. VRS-YV score percentile ranks and hazard ratios were used to identify numeric score cutoffs to inform risk categories, while violent recidivism rates associated with VRS-YV score categories were generated from logistic regression. Discrimination findings suggested common numeric score risk band cutoffs across gender and ethnoracial groups, while calibration findings suggested gender stratified violent recidivism norms and minor variations in labeling the uppermost risk categories for female youth. Convergent validity analyses supported the construct validity of the five risk levels. Implications for using the common language-based framework with the VRS-YV to drive risk management and violent prevention efforts as a function of gender and ethnocultural heritage are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals comprise up to one fifth of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) clinical samples and appear to be at greater risk for OCD than their cisgender, heterosexual peers. Recent research has examined the psychometric properties of several commonly used OCD self-report measures within an SGM sample and found them adequate to strong in terms of factor structure and loadings, internal consistency, and convergent validity. However, measurement invariance testing is needed to ensure that these measures perform similarly across individuals of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. The present study combined data from 779 patients (15.0% SGM) presenting for OCD treatment at one of two clinical sites offering specialized treatment from outpatient through residential levels of care. The Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44, and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Self-Report Severity Scale were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses and invariance tests across varying levels of stringency between SGM and non-SGM patients. Whereas the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 evidenced measurement invariance, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Self-Report did not demonstrate configural invariance between SGM and non-SGM patients. Findings offer support for the use of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 in samples inclusive of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities, and recommendations for continued research in this domain are offered. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Multi-informant assessments are considered the gold standard in the assessment of youth psychopathology. Although best practice dictates that this approach should extend to the assessment of youth involved in the justice system, few studies have examined the effect of multiple informants in a forensic context. Using a sample of 580 youth-caregiver dyads, we conducted a series of polynomial regressions to test whether statistical interactions between scores on the Youth Self-Report and scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (completed by caregivers) predicted psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatric diagnoses were coded from the youth's final forensic assessment report and included anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A significant interaction was found when modeling the effect of youth-caregiver reports of rule-breaking behavior on receiving a conduct disorder diagnosis, and when modeling the effect of youth-caregiver reports of aggressive behavior on receiving an attention-deficit hyperactivity diagnosis. No significant interactions were found when modeling the effect of youth-caregiver reports of internalizing symptomology on receiving an anxiety or depressive disorder diagnosis. Results suggest that youth and caregiver reports are integrated differently depending on whether the clinician is making an internalizing or externalizing spectrum diagnosis. Study implications for forensic assessments with multiple informants are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Risk assessment instruments are commonly used to predict the probability of recidivism among individuals with criminal histories. This meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on the predictive validity of ten instruments for assessing sexual recidivism risk: MnSOST-R, RM2000/S, RRASOR, SORAG, Static-2002, Static-2002 R, Static-99, Static-99 R, SVR-20, and VRS-SO. It includes 162 studies involving 155,442 individuals, published from 1997 to 2024. Results suggested moderate to high predictive validity for most instruments in predicting sexual recidivism and other outcomes, such as violent, sexual-violent, general, and any recidivism. The VRS-SO showed the highest predictive value for sexual recidivism but did not differ from other tools significantly. The SORAG had the highest predictive value for sexual-violent, general, and any recidivism, significantly outperforming the Static-99. The RRASOR had a moderate predictive value for sexual recidivism, but the lowest effect size for all other outcomes. A moderator analysis revealed that mean interrater reliability and mean offender age significantly affected the instruments' predictive validity. This work represents the largest synthesis of risk assessment instruments for sexual recidivism risk to date. The findings support the viability of all instruments examined in forensic practice. Their predictive validity did, however, overlap considerably, except for the more substantial effects of the VRS-SO and the SORAG, and the weaker effect of the RRASOR. Given the overall moderate predictive validity, the instruments should be used in conjunction with other information to guide decision making within the criminal justice system. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
This study evaluated the basic measurement properties of the Italian-translated versions of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS), Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (ODSIS), and Positive Emotion Scale (PES) in a sample of community-dwelling adults. A total of 885 participants (all native to the Italian geographical region; 71.2% female, 27.3% male, and 1.5% other) completed these scales, along with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition Level 2 Anxiety, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition Level 2 Depression, and Differential Emotions Scale-PES measures. A subset of participants (n = 84) also participated in a 1-month longitudinal follow-up, completing the OASIS, ODSIS, and PES weekly across four time points. Both confirmatory bifactor analyses and exploratory graph analysis results supported the essential unidimensionality and dissociability of the OASIS, ODSIS, and PES items. Convergent validity coefficient values for all three measures were positive, significant, and large and were significantly greater than all discriminant validity coefficients. Longitudinal invariance model results indicated that the OASIS, ODSIS, and PES scores maintained stable measurement properties across four weekly assessments. Overall, these findings extend the existing literature, providing the first evidence of the dissociability of the OASIS, ODSIS, and PES dimensions, their basic measurement properties, and the longitudinal measurement invariance of their scores, at least among community-dwelling adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
This study examined if screening scores for depression and suicidal ideation and behavior can be interpreted comparably across U.S.- and foreign-born service members using data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers. Data from 18,208 service members across various stages of their military career were used; all analyses used data that were adjusted using combined analysis weights, which resulted in a weighted sample of 567,337 (9.8% identified as foreign-born). A series of increasingly constrained multigroup measurement models were fit using structural equation modeling to assess for measurement invariance. Results suggest scores derived from the entry questions of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Screening Scale for a major depressive episode can be interpreted comparably for hypothesis testing when samples include both U.S.-born and foreign-born service members. In contrast, response patterns to two entry screening items from the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale suggested nonequivalence in how scores were interpreted across groups; post hoc logistic regressions were conducted to further probe the nature of variance. Scores on items regarding passive ideation and suicidal behavior varied by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and English proficiency between U.S.- and foreign-born groups. Findings indicate caution is warranted when using the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale entry items when utilizing samples that include U.S.- and foreign-born service members and highlight the importance of attending to the intersectionality of factors such as nation of origin, sex, age, race/ethnicity, and English proficiency when screening for suicidal ideation and behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
There are multiple conceptualizations of maladaptive exercise with each being assessed by different measures. This has led to challenges in integrating the literature. Better understanding of the underlying processes of maladaptive exercise is needed to better conceptualize the construct. The present study used data from two independent samples, a college student sample (n = 497), identified primarily as female (72%), male (22%), White (38%), and Black (22%), and a sample recruited for their exercise engagement (n = 500), identified primarily as female (41%), male (56%), White (57%), and Black (20%). All participants completed self-report measures, including measures of maladaptive exercise (i.e., the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised, Exercise Addiction Inventory-3, and Compulsive Exercise Test) and assessments of focal criterion variables for the problematic behavior (i.e., impulsivity, compulsivity, and eating disorder pathology). We used exploratory factor analysis to examine the overlapping and distinct content across measures of maladaptive exercise. We then examined correlations between the focal criterion variables and the measures of maladaptive exercise and latent factors. In both samples, the exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor solution reflecting tolerance and structure, impairment, exercise worries, and affect regulation. Our findings highlight the overlapping and distinct qualities of the varying assessment instruments and how those qualities map onto the potential underlying processes of maladaptive exercise. Future work should continue to refine the features of a broad definition of maladaptive exercise and develop a self-report measure that integrates the content from the existing measures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Research on modeling psychopathology in childhood and adolescence has proposed theoretical and empirical models, but these models have not yet been analyzed within a single clinical data set considering different methodological approaches. Therefore, the present study explores clinical child and adolescent psychopathology as rated by parents using the Child Behavior Checklist. The sample consisted of 2,848 children and adolescents (Mage = 11.74; SDage = 3.5; 57.1% male) with a wide range of mental disorders, who had been referred to a university outpatient clinic for assessment and treatment. Confirmatory factor analyses and exploratory structural equation modeling were employed to test one-dimensional, correlated first-, second-, and third-order models and a fully symmetrical bifactor model. Additionally, the retained models were analyzed for measurement invariance across age and gender. Models that allow cross-loadings were superior. As expected, symptoms seem to be attributed to more than one dimension. The eight-factor exploratory structural equation modeling model provided a better factor structure than the more complex models such as the bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling model, showing consistent factor structure and loading patterns across age and gender. A higher order structure of internalizing and externalizing dimensions was demonstrated. In our clinical sample, parent-reported juvenile psychopathology seems to be better represented by several latent variables than by only one general factor of psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Individuals who commit sexual offenses are evaluated for reoffense risk using assessments of dynamic and static personal characteristics. Two of the most frequently used sexual risk assessments are the revised version of Static-99 (Static-99R) and Violence Risk Scale-Sexual Offender Version (VRS-SO), which have been largely developed and validated in non-Hispanic White samples. Using diverse, above-average risk U.S. samples, this study sought to (a) investigate racial differences in scoring on the Static-99R and the VRS-SO and (b) replicate the factor structure of the VRS-SO from Olver et al. (2007). A total of 1,104 assessment scores were collected from the Sand Ridge Secure Treatment Center and the New York State Office of Mental Health. All assessments were scored by trained forensic psychology evaluators at these institutions. Results showed racial differences in Static-99R and VRS-SO assessments. Specifically, non-Hispanic White patients were more likely to have higher scores in constructs related to sexual deviancy, while non-Hispanic Black patients were more likely to have higher scores in constructs related to general criminality. We did not replicate the original factor structure of Olver et al. and found the factor structures of VRS-SO items differ systematically across the two racial groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Delayed recall measures are considered sensitive to episodic long-term memory impairment, and longer delays are argued to aid diagnostic accuracy. This meta-analysis examined whether delayed recall provides an advantage in identifying memory impairment relative to very short-delay or "immediate" recall. Eligible studies included a patient sample with suspected or known episodic memory impairment and a healthy control sample, both administered immediate and delayed recall trials. The standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) between patients and controls on immediate and delayed recall was calculated using multivariate random-effects meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included 290 studies, comprising 71,381 controls and 45,054 patients. Delayed recall ranged from 40 s filled delay to 6 weeks. Controls outperformed patients on immediate (g = 1.074, 95% CI [0.973, 1.176]) and delayed recall (g = 1.148, 95% CI [1.034, 1.261]). Patient-control differentiation was greater on delayed compared to immediate recall (g = -0.083, 95% CI [-0.126, -0.041]), though the difference was not clinically meaningful. Delay length (minutes) did not predict the delayed recall effect (β^ < 0.001) or moderate the difference between immediate and delayed recall (β^ = 0.020). Analyzed separately, word list, story, and shape recall measures showed no effect for increasing delay, and word list measures showed no delayed recall advantage. In mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, delayed recall offered a small to medium advantage, but this was not present across all measures. All clinical subgroups analyzed showed no effect for increasing delay length. Further research is needed to clarify the utility of delayed recall. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Due to potential biases, the validity of informant reports of prospective memory (PM) is unclear. This study reports on the adaptation and validation of the Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire-informant version (PMCQi). We aimed to investigate whether PMCQi scores corresponded to self-report and performance on an event-based PM task. Additionally, we explored whether informants' Big Five personality traits or relationship characteristics between ratee and informant influenced scores. Participants comprised of 305 adults who completed self-report versions of the PMCQ, Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, and Big Five Inventory and completed an event-based PM task. Informant versions of the PMCQ and Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, self-reported Big Five Inventory, and task success judgements were completed by informants who knew the participants well: 246 participants had one informant, and 59 had two. The PMCQi scores had very good reliability, the same higher order three-factor structure as the PMCQ, and agreement with self-report PMCQ. Both self-report and informant PMCQ scores predicted event-based PM performance. Neither relationship status nor personality moderated these relationships. Contrary to expectations, the type, frequency, and duration of self-informant relationships did not influence PMCQi scores. As expected, neuroticism predicted higher PMCQi scores. Agreeableness on the other hand predicted fewer PMCQi concerns. The current findings demonstrate the validity of the PMCQi and its usefulness alongside self-report PMCQ and performance measures. Our findings suggest that the nature of self-informant relationship is less important than informant agreeableness and neuroticism when assessing PM concerns. As such, clinicians and researchers should be mindful of personality factors when assessing PM concerns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Adult-reported surveys are more cost-effective for measuring children's executive function (EF) skills than direct child assessments, which are often resource-intensive. This study examined the extent to which teacher and parent reports align with direct assessments (performance-based measures) of preschoolers' EF skills. Participants included 244 children aged 5-6 years (48.0% girls; 97.5% Chinese) from Hong Kong kindergartens and their parents and teachers. Children completed tasks assessing inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and behavioral self-regulation. Teachers and parents completed the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory, measuring working memory and inhibition difficulties. Teacher-reported working memory difficulties were negatively associated with all EF task performance, while teacher-reported inhibition difficulties were negatively associated with inhibitory control and behavioral self-regulation tasks only. Parent-reported working memory difficulties were negatively associated with children's performance on the working memory and behavioral self-regulation tasks, and parent-reported inhibition difficulties were negatively associated with inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility tasks. Parental education moderated the association between parent reports and direct assessment for working memory. Among more educated parents, parent-reported working memory difficulties were negatively associated with all EF tasks, and parent-reported inhibition difficulties were negatively associated with the inhibitory control task. EF difficulties reported by less educated parents were not associated with any tasks. Adult-reported surveys remain widely used in EF research, but our findings indicate that they do not always align with children's task performance. This evidence highlights the importance of considering informant characteristics and using multimethod, multi-informant approaches to capture children's EF across home and school contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
This study characterized Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) clinical profiles among adults presenting for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluation and examined the implications of internalizing psychopathology and ADHD symptom presentation. Means, standard deviations, and elevation base rate frequencies were calculated for all MMPI-3 scales across 312 adults diagnosed with ADHD only (n = 81), ADHD and a co-occurring internalizing psychological disorder (ADHD/internal, n = 97), an internalizing psychological disorder but no ADHD (internal only, n = 108), or subjective attention complaints but no diagnosis (attention complaints only, n = 26). Analyses of variance tested for significant differences between groups, with post hoc tests for individual comparisons. Supplemental analysis compared MMPI-3 scales by ADHD presentation (inattentive vs. combined). Cognitive Complaints Scale scores were elevated across groups, including the ADHD-only and attention complaints-only groups. In contrast, elevations on the Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction Higher Order Scale and related Restructured Clinical and Specific Problem Scales were most pronounced in the ADHD/internal and internal-only groups, both in terms of mean scores and frequency of clinically elevated profiles. This pattern suggests focal elevations on the Cognitive Complaints Scale may help distinguish attention complaints-only or ADHD-only presentations from cases characterized by prominent internalizing psychopathology. The MMPI-3 may also distinguish ADHD-predominantly inattentive from ADHD-combined presentation via elevations on specific scales of behavioral problems often observed in combined presentations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The 16-item Diabetes Eating Problems Survey-Revised (DEPS-R) is one of the few instruments assessing disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although a DEPS-R total score of ≥20 is oft used to identify a probable eating disorder, previous work has shown that some items may reflect T1D management struggles, rather than DEB, with other work indicating that different response profiles (e.g., overeating vs. diabulimia) correspond to varying DEB risks. To identify DEPS-R items of greatest utility in detecting DEB in T1D, we used a form of item response theory to evaluate item variation in difficulty and discrimination, as well as scale precision across the latent DEB continuum. Participants were 329 adults with T1D who completed the DEPS-R when joining a participant registry or enrolling in a study on eating and weight concerns in T1D. We found a number of DEPS-R items (e.g., "I skip meals or snacks") that demonstrated low difficulty and low-to-moderate discrimination. These items were often endorsed by even the lowest severity participants yet provided relatively limited information for differentiating the DEB construct. Other items with high difficulty and moderate discrimination (e.g., "I make myself vomit") provided relatively modest information even at the highest pathology levels, as they were unlikely to be endorsed even by the most severe cases. Most high-discrimination items provided the most diagnostic information at the highest pathology levels (e.g., "I try to eat to the point of spilling ketones in my urine"). Results suggest revising the DEPS-R scale, as several items provided limited contribution to DEB detection. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
