Controlling populations of Ixodes ticks has emerged as a core strategy for reducing human exposure to tick-borne infections. Several means of reducing the size of the tick population using chemical and biological acaricides show promise in field trials and are frequently used commercially in North America and Europe. The Tick Project (TTP) assessed whether the use of two commercially available methods of reducing the abundance of host-seeking blacklegged ticks ( Ixodes scapularis ) reduced encounters with ticks and reported cases of tick-borne disease in humans and their outdoor pets. Residential neighborhoods were the units of replication. Here, we synthesize the results of this large-scale, long-term ecological and epidemiological study and integrate them with comparable literature to assess: (1) the peridomestic risk factors linked to tick encounters and cases of tick-borne disease; (2) the spatial scale of these risk and response factors; (3) discordance between ecological consequences of tick control (strongly reduced tick abundance) and weak or undetectable epidemiological responses; (4) possible causes of the failure of tick control to reduce disease incidence; and (5) future approaches to preventing tick-borne disease with environmentally- and behaviorally-based interventions. We conclude that the low efficacy of tick control in reducing cases of tick-borne disease observed to date could be improved with greater attention to human behaviors that affect exposure risk.
H5Nx Clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been detected repeatedly in Great Britain (GB) since autumn 2020, with H5N1 dominating detections but with low level detection of H5N5 during 2025. Globally, these viruses have caused mass mortalities in captive and wild avian and mammalian populations, including terrestrial and marine mammals. H5N1 has been the dominant subtype, and whilst detections have overlapped temporally, occurrences have often been spatially distinct. Here, we report the detection of a mortality event in wild birds on the Norfolk coastline in the East of England, where H5N1 HPAIV was detected in five Great Black-backed Gulls (GBBGs; Larus marinus ) and a Northern Fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis ). Interestingly, at the same site, and as part of the same mortality event, a total of 17 GBBGs, one Herring Gull ( Larus argentatus ), one Atlantic Puffin ( Fratercula arctica ) and one Northern Fulmar tested positive for H5N5 HPAIV. Additionally, H5N5 was also detected in 17 co-located Grey Seal carcases ( Halichoerus grypus ). The H5N1 HPAIV from an infected bird belonged to genotype DI.2, closely related to contemporaneous detections in GB wild birds and poultry. In contrast, all H5N5 HPAIVs from birds and seals were Genotype I with a 22-amino acid stalk deletion in neuraminidase (NA) and the 627K polymorphism in PB2. This represents the first recorded instance in GB of two subtypes being detected within the same avian population at the same location. It is also the first mass detection of HPAIV H5N5 in mammals within GB. Potential infection mechanisms are discussed.
Newcastle disease (ND) virus (NDV) infection ranks among the most important poultry diseases globally. In Nigeria, ND remains a persistent menace to poultry production, marked by recurrent outbreaks. However, there is limited understanding of the evolutionary changes and transmission dynamics of the virus in the region. A molecular epidemiological study was conducted to elucidate the evolutionary and transmission patterns of NDV in Nigeria. Phylogenetic analysis of seven NDV isolates from cases recorded between 2023 and 2024 in four Northeastern states exhibited genetic diversity and formed distinct clusters that correspond to the prevailing subgenotype XIV.2. The maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree suggests sustained local circulation of the dominant NDV lineage, likely preceded by an international introduction from Southeast Asia. The fusion genes of the Nigerian genotype XIV and another important genotype XVII are mainly under negative selection, but codons 516 (XIV) and 114 (XVII) consistently show positive selection. The Nextstrain analysis reveals ongoing local evolution and genetic diversity of NDV in West Africa, and Central Nigeria acting as a key transmission hub, with evidence of reintroductions from neighboring countries. These findings have implications for NDV control and prevention strategies in Nigeria, highlighting the need for enhanced NDV surveillance, transboundary transmission control, and development of a vaccine tailored to the circulating NDV genotypes. The study also contributes to the understanding of regional spread pattern of NDV and informs evidence-based policies for mitigating the impact of the disease on poultry production.
Animal-origin influenza A virus (IAV) is a perennial candidate for causing the next pandemic. With high risk for interspecies IAV transmission but limited resources for surveillance, particularly in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Laos, there is a need to develop targeted, risk-based strategies for early detection of novel IAVs that may emerge in pigs. We conducted (1) a cross-sectional survey to characterise pig producer types, management practices and pig movement patterns; (2) sampling among pigs in slaughterhouses to quantify IAV seroprevalence and infection; and (3) within- and between-herd disease modelling exploring the relative importance of farm type for the IAV epidemiology. Overall, 31.3% (100/319) of sera and 1.4% (7/515) of nasal swab samples from pigs tested positive for IAV antibodies (ELISA) and viral RNA (PCR detection of IAV M-gene), respectively. Most pigs sampled were exotic breeds and supplied by commercial farms. Using hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models, seropositivity was significantly higher among exotic breeds compared with local breeds and higher among pigs originating from provinces outside of our study area. Stochastic, individual-based models of within- and between-herd transmission were developed and calibrated for five pig producer types using the cross-sectional data from 202 study participants. The modelling results suggested sustained IAV transmission between farms was unlikely unless the probability of local transmission, independent of pig movement, was relatively high, and the initial infection was seeded in areas with higher densities of smallholders. Between-herd IAV transmission was only sustained in scenarios where persistently infected commercial farms were present to continuously seed infection among the pig smallholder network. Together, these factors underscore risks associated with livestock intensification in commercial and smallholder productions. A larger study is warranted to fully characterise the interprovincial pig movement and evaluate IAV transmission within Laos to inform the national surveillance strategy.
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is one of the most impactful pathogens of poultry, with disease manifestations ranging from acute forms to subclinical but immunosuppressive infections. This heterogeneity, accompanied by a significant antigenic variability, is sustained by high mutation rates and frequent reassortments between the two genome segments, along with less frequent recombination events. In recent years, the proposal of several classification systems relying on phylogeny contributed to the characterization of several new IBDV genotypes, shedding light on an increasingly diverse epidemiological scenario. One of the most notable examples is the discovery of novel variant IBDVs (nvIBDVs, genotype A2dB1b), which, after emerging in China around 2015, rapidly spread across East and Southeast Asia. More recently, nvIBDVs were also reported in Egypt and Argentina, prompting concern due to their well-established immunosuppressive potential and divergent antigenic features. The detection of A2dB1b strains in Egypt elicited a molecular survey to track their spread within the Middle East. From November 2023 to November 2024, diagnostic samples were collected from 138 flocks in 7 Near East and Persian Gulf countries. The analyses revealed that 55 of them (39.9%) were positive for field strains belonging to 3 genotypes, suggesting a high infectious pressure. Two genotypes, A3B1c and A6B1a, were already reported in the region, although they were found in additional areas. On the other hand, A2dB1b was identified for the first time in Jordan, Lebanon, and the United Arab Emirates, representing a large share of the field viruses detected in these countries. Phylodynamic analyses revealed that this swift spread may have been caused by separate introduction events from Egypt, East Asia, and even South America, highlighting the complexity of IBDV epidemiology. The obtained results will be crucial to better tackle IBDV in the region, guiding monitoring activities and raising awareness toward its proper control.
The global spread of multidrug-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-HvKp), among which carbapenem-resistant strains are of major concern, poses a severe threat to public health due to its high mortality rate and extremely limited treatment options. While human-derived HvKp strains are well-studied, animal-origin variants remain poorly characterized. Here, we isolated a HvKp strain KPB from a swine farm in China, exhibiting high mortality and extreme virulence (LD 50 = 20 CFU). Phylogenomic analysis of 342 K. pneumoniae genomes revealed that the swine-derived KPB (sequence type 25 [ST25] lineage) clusters closely with clinical isolates, suggesting zoonotic transmission risks. Targeted mutagenesis identified wcaJ/wzc -mediated capsule synthesis as the critical virulence determinant, with capsule-deficient mutants showing 100% reduced lethality in mouse infection models. Building on this, we developed a phage therapy achieving 100% survival in infected mice at 10 1 PFU doses. These findings highlight the evolutionary convergence of animal and human HvKp strains and propose phage-based strategies as a promising countermeasure against infections due to HvKp. Our study underscores the urgency of One Health surveillance to mitigate zoonotic threats.
Mosquitoes play a crucial role as vectors of disease pathogens and are among the most socioeconomically important animals in the world. Medically important arboviruses include the Sindbis virus (SINV), which causes chills, skin rashes, and joint pain. Endemic in northern Europe, SINV has been increasingly detected in central Europe. The main objectives of this study were to monitor and screen mosquitoes for the presence of SINV. We included samples of mosquitoes collected throughout the years at different locations in Slovenia. The mosquitoes were first identified and then pooled according to species, sex, date of sampling, and location. Nucleic acid (NA) was isolated from these pools, and the target segment of the SINV genome was amplified using molecular methods. We performed detailed phylogenetic analyses of the SINV-positive mosquito pools. From 2020 to 2024, we monitored mosquitoes at 226 locations in Slovenia and collected 112,001 samples, which were identified and grouped into 11,595 pools. Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found SINV RNA in five pools of Culex modestus mosquitoes collected in two regions of northeastern Slovenia in August 2022 and in July, August, and September 2024. The SINV discovered in Slovenia (SINV-SLO) was classified as Genotype IV. We designed a primer scheme for the whole-genome amplification of SINV based on the alignment of the available SINV-IV sequences and performed molecular characterization of the sequences. Our findings revealed that SINV-SLO is closely related to the SINV strains identified in Russia, Azerbaijan, and China. In Europe, it is Genotype I that is most frequently detected and causes epidemics, whereas Genotype IV, which was detected in Slovenia, has not yet been associated with disease outbreaks.
Over the past decade, porcine circoviruses (PCVs) have continued to pose a significant threat to global swine health, and pivotal discoveries have significantly reshaped our understanding of their biology and control. Extensive genomic surveillance has expanded porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) genotyping from four to at least eight lineages, with PCV2d now globally dominant under vaccine-driven selection pressure. Since 2016, three novel species, PCV3, PCV4, and PCV5, have been identified, linked to reproductive failure, myocarditis, multisystemic inflammation, and potential neuroinvasion; however, their pathogenic potential remains under active investigation. Recent studies have revealed that PCVs evade host defenses by targeting the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway and modulating regulated cell death pathways, thereby fostering viral persistence and immune dysregulation. PCV-induced immunosuppression not only exacerbates bacterial and viral coinfections but also impairs vaccine efficacy, leading to complex clinical outcomes. Advances in structural virology have clarified the roles of the Cap protein, identifying key antigenic loops and posttranslational modifications that influence immunogenicity and vaccine escape. This knowledge has accelerated the development of novel diagnostic assays and next-generation vaccines. Furthermore, vaccine innovation has progressed beyond traditional inactivated formulations to recombinant subunit, virus-like particle, and DNA platforms, some of which incorporate modular or multivalent designs to address genotype diversity and coinfection scenarios. Despite these advances, challenges persist, including the continuous emergence of immune-escape variants, inconsistent vaccine performance under field conditions, and an incomplete understanding of the pathogenicity of PCV3 to PCV5. Therefore, multidisciplinary strategies integrating molecular epidemiology, structural vaccinology, and advanced biotechnologies will be critical to closing current knowledge gaps and ensuring sustainable PCV control.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease prevalent in sheep and goats, and causes significant economic losses. The study was conducted in 2024 in Punjab Province, Pakistan, to estimate the seroprevalence of the PPR virus (PPRV) and to analyze animal-level risk factors in unvaccinated small ruminants. Over a 12-month period, multistage random sampling provided 722 serum samples of sheep and goats aged 6 months or older, collected across six districts. The anti-PPRV antibodies were detected using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), and species, age, sex, breed, parity, lactation status, pregnancy status, body condition score (BCS), and reproductive history were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. The overall seroprevalence rate was 79.77%, but significantly higher in goats (90.27%) than in sheep (68.75% and p < 0.0001). The results demonstrated district wise disparity, with variation in seroprevalence between districts: 52.05% (Okara) and 100% (Nankana). An increased likelihood of seropositivity was found to be associated with male sex, some breeds (Makhi Cheeni and Beetal), certain species-district interactions, and age-sex interactions. These data confirm the high endemicity of PPRV in Punjab and justify the targeted vaccination and surveillance in high-risk areas and among susceptible animal populations.
Novel duck orthoreovirus (NDRV) infection induces severe splenic necrosis in ducks, resulting in a cascade of detrimental consequences, including immunosuppression, secondary infections, and diminished vaccine efficacy. Avian orthoreovirus (ARV) exhibits high tropism for macrophages, with splenic macrophages being identified as the primary target cells of NDRV. Although ferroptosis has been implicated in this pathological process, the molecular mechanism underlying NDRV-induced cellular damage remains poorly elucidated. In this study, an in vitro model of NDRV infection was established using HD11 cells to systematically investigate its effect on ferroptosis and the associated mechanisms. Our results indicate that NDRV infection triggers ferroptosis and markedly elevates intracellular Fe2+ levels. Mechanistically, NDRV upregulates transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), thereby enhancing iron uptake, promoting iron accumulation, and ultimately inducing ferroptosis. This study is the first to reveal that NDRV induces macrophage ferroptosis by hijacking cellular iron metabolism, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanism through which NDRV infection mediates splenic necrosis and immune cell injury.
African swine fever (ASF), a highly fatal disease often termed the "number one killer" of pigs, presents clinical symptoms indistinguishable from classical swine fever (CSF), such as fever, diarrhea, and vomiting, complicating on-site differential diagnosis. As both ASF and CSF are notifiable diseases under the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), rapid and accurate identification is crucial for effective outbreak management. In this study, we developed a multicolor lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on latex microspheres (LMs) for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against ASF virus (ASFV) and CSF virus (CSFV). The assay enables visual differentiation within 15 min, with red indicating ASFV antibodies and blue indicating CSFV antibodies. After optimization, the LFIA demonstrated a sensitivity of 1:256, equivalent to that of a commercial ASFV ELISA kit and four-fold higher than that for CSFV (1:64). The assay exhibited high specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with other common swine pathogens and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). When applied to 180 clinical serum samples and compared with commercial ELISA kits, the LFIA achieved Cohen's kappa values of 0.986 for ASFV and 0.918 for CSFV, indicating excellent agreement. Additionally, intra and interbatch evaluations confirmed its robust repeatability. Overall, the multicolor LM-LFIA offers a rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective tool for point-of-care testing (POCT) of ASFV and CSFV antibodies, holding promise for routine field surveillance and disease control.
Leptospira is a genetically diverse genus of spirochetes comprising over 68 species, including several pathogenic taxa such as L. interrogans, L. santarosai, L. noguchii, and L. weilii. These bacteria infect a wide range of vertebrates, especially mammals, with infected animals serving as renal carriers that excrete the pathogen through urine. While rodents are the primary reservoirs for some species, multiple vertebrate orders participate in Leptospira transmission cycles in the Americas. This study aimed to assess and compare the genetic diversity of Leptospira populations across mammalian hosts throughout their distribution ranges in the Americas, exploring the influence of host interactions on bacterial diversity. Data for this study were obtained from two sources: (1) original screening of bats and rodents for pathogenic Leptospira and (2) partial gene sequences (16S, LipL32, and SecY) retrieved from GenBank, including sequences from human leptospirosis cases. A total of 321 animals were sampled (104 rodents and 217 bats), with an overall infection frequency of 12.1%. Positive samples were identified via BLAST as L. interrogans, L. noguchii, L. santarosai, L. alexanderi, and L. weilii. Genetic diversity metrics were calculated, and haplotype networks were constructed. Overall analyses revealed greater genetic diversity in bat Leptospira sequences, particularly in the SecY gene. In contrast, artiodactyls exhibited high intraspecific variation, suggesting a potential role in generating new Leptospira variants. Marsupials, rodents, and carnivores showed limited Leptospira diversity. These findings offer new insights into the evolutionary dynamics of Leptospira in the Americas and highlight the role of host ecology in shaping pathogen genetic diversity.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhea in piglets. The ideal route of protection against PEDV for piglets is through passive (lactogenic) immunity, which is not provided by current inactivated and subunit vaccines on the market. In this study, we investigated whether a DNA vaccine encoding the full PEDV spike protein adjuvanted with cyclo-peptide nanotubes (cPNTs) can provide protection against PEDV through active and passive immunity. For the active immunization experiment, piglets were vaccinated, and the immune response was analyzed, followed by a PEDV challenge test. In a separate experiment, to evaluate the passive (lactogenic) immunity elicited by the cPNTs-adjuvanted DNA vaccine, pregnant sows in a local farm were immunized, and the survival of farrowed piglets was examined. The results showed that, in the active immunization experiment, the DNA vaccine elicited IFN-γ and IL-12 production in piglets. IgA antibodies were detected in the serum, and the expansion of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells was observed. Upon virus challenge, vaccinated piglets remained healthy, gained weight, and showed only mild signs of diarrhea, with minimal virus shedding (Ct value of 33, compared with 16 for the saline-vaccinated control group). For the passive immunity experiment, results show that the DNA vaccine administered orally induced higher levels of IgA in the colostrum of vaccinated sows compared to mock vaccination. The survival rate of the farrowed piglets was higher at 84% for the DNA-oral group compared to that of the mock vaccination group (68%). In conclusion, the cPNTs-adjuvanted DNA vaccine can not only generate protective immunity through direct immunization of piglets but also induce lactogenic immunity in pregnant sows to protect farrowed piglets from PEDV infection.
Viral diseases are a major threat to human and animal health, as illustrated by recent pandemics like COVID-19 and African swine fever (ASF). Timely, accurate detection of viral infections is critical for effective disease control. Among diverse diagnostic techniques, lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has become a widely used on-site testing tool, owing to its speed, simplicity, affordability, and portability. The application of LFIA for detecting human and animal viruses is feasible, which highlights its practical utility in veterinary settings. This review summarizes key advances in LFIA for the rapid diagnosis of viral diseases over the past decade, focusing on its technical principles, practical applications, core advantages, existing limitations, and potential effective strategies to provide comprehensive knowledge for virus detection.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a rapidly spreading transboundary viral disease of cattle and water buffalo that poses a significant threat to livestock health and economies of Bangladesh. Calf mortality is steadily increasing over time. This study documented fatal calf mortality with vasculitis-driven multisystemic pathology, which has been rarely reported in Bangladesh. To investigate the rising incidence of calf mortality in Bangladesh, this study conducted a pathological investigation of six deceased calves and molecular analyses of the viruses. Clinically affected calves in north-central Bangladesh exhibited high fever, skin nodules, lymphadenopathy, joint swelling, respiratory distress, ocular and nasal discharge, and edema. Cutaneous nodules often sloughed off, leaving deep ulcerative lesions. Gross pathology of six deceased calves revealed multisystemic lesions, including congestion and edema of the nasal passages, tracheitis, pulmonary consolidation, renal congestion and necrosis, hepatomegaly with multifocal necrosis, splenic atrophy, and lymphadenopathy. Histopathology demonstrated necrotizing inflammation, severe broncho-interstitial pneumonia, hepatic centrilobular necrosis, myocardial infarction, interstitial nephritis with vasculitis, and marked lymphoid depletion. Molecular detection confirmed moderate to high viral loads in the skin and internal organs, consistent with the pathological findings. Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis placed the isolates within cluster 1.2 (classical African/Kenyan sheep and goat pox [KSGP]-like lineage), with one strain clustering closely with isolates from India, Serbia, and Russia, indicating possible cross-border viral movement and genetic evolution. These findings confirm the continued circulation of classical cluster 1.2 LSD virus (LSDV) in Bangladesh, with accumulating genetic variation possibly enhancing virulence in calves. The study underscores the need for sustained genomic surveillance, expanded vaccination, and improved biosecurity to mitigate future LSD outbreaks.
African swine fever (ASF), a high-profile transboundary animal disease caused by ASF virus (ASFV), imposes a devastating impact on the global swine industry. Given that vaccines are still under development, including field evaluations, early detection of ASFV is crucial for effective disease control and mitigation. Although PCR is the primary viral detection method of acute or subacute ASFV infections, antibody detection plays a unique role in detecting low-virulent ASFV infection, identifying recovered animals, and tracking viral transmission. ELISA for ASFV antibody detection is commonly used for initial serological screening. To avoid false positive results, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) recommends using a second serologic method, such as the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), indirect immunoperoxidase test (IPT), or immunoblot test, to confirm the ELISA-positive cases. This strategy improves specificity but not sensitivity (i.e., false negative cases persist). To address this issue, a novel in-cell ELISA (icELISA) was developed in this study. Receiver operating curve analysis of the icELISA revealed the optimized cutoff value of sample-to-positive ratio (S/P ratio) was at 47% with 99.46% analytical sensitivity and 99.43% analytical specificity. Results of the comparative diagnostic sensitivity analysis showed that positive detections of icELISA (150 samples) surpassed a blocking ELISA-IPT combination (132 samples) by 18 samples. Further investigation revealed that the 18 samples contained ASFV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies instead of immunoglobulin G (IgG). The results suggested the icELISA can detect both ASFV-specific IgG and IgM, which outperforms a blocking ELISA-IPT combination in earlier detection, particularly when only IgM antibody is present in a test sample.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major threat to global swine production. In this study, a novel strain (PRRSV-AH1) was isolated during a respiratory disease outbreak at a commercial swine operation in Anhui Province, China. Viral replication in MARC-145 cells was confirmed by observing cytopathic effects (CPEs) and conducting immunofluorescence assays (IFAs). Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 15,020 bp genome exhibiting 90.0% identity with the NADC30 reference strain, including lineage 1-characteristic nonstructural polyprotein (Nsp)2 deletions. A distinctive L10S substitution in GP2 aligned with conserved residues of PRRSV-1. Recombination analysis identified PRRSV-AH1 as a novel chimera with a NADC30-like backbone incorporating CH-1a-like (lineage 8), JXA1-like (lineage 8), and QYYZ-like (lineage 3) sequences-representing the first reported instance of this specific recombination pattern. Experimental infection of piglets induced characteristic PRRSV pathology, including sustained pyrexia, reduced weight gain, prolonged viremia, and neutralizing antibody seroconversion. Comparative pathogenicity analysis revealed that the PRRSV-AH1 strain elicited febrile responses and peak body temperatures intermediate between classic NADC30-like strains and JXA1 strains. Notably, PRRSV-AH1 demonstrated a PRRSV-N-specific IgG induction capacity comparable to that of highly pathogenic variants. These findings establish PRRSV-AH1 as a multilineage recombinant (NADC30-like, CH-1a, QYYZ, and JXA1 Lineages) resulting from multiple genetic exchanges, underscoring the increasing complexity of PRRSV diversity in China. Accelerated mutation and recombination across lineages complicate disease control efforts, emphasizing the need for enhanced surveillance, mechanistic recombination studies, and the development of novel vaccines to mitigate future outbreaks.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease that primarily affects small ruminants such as sheep and goats. Since first emerging in Africa, it has rapidly spread throughout the continent, causing significant mortality and posing a serious threat to livestock production and food security. In this study, we integrated diverse datasets using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and employed the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to identify key drivers influencing the distribution of PPR outbreaks in Africa. Our comprehensive analysis provides critical insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of PPR transmission, identifying shifting patterns of geographic spread, temporal clusters, and factors contributing to outbreak emergence and persistence over time. Based on existing research data, the results indicate a notable shift in the epidemic's center of gravity from northwestern to southeastern Africa, offering strategic direction for future surveillance and control efforts. This study to understand and predict the distribution of PPR in Africa will help to develop a targeted surveillance program and analyze the trend of PPRV prevalence in Africa, which is important for the eradication and prevention of PPR.
In recent years, particular attention has been paid to the possible connections, similarities, and potential uses of animals, especially pets (dogs and cats), in research on the causes, characteristics, and treatment of cancers occurring in pets and humans. One of the most promising experimental research models used to explore these issues is the avian embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). This review aims to highlight the problem of the occurrence of cancers in domestic animals, placing emphasis on types, incidence, and predispositions of dogs and cats. Methodology and applications in cancer studies of this unique model were presented in detail. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of this diagnostic tool, as well as potential and future perspectives, were also described. This review confirms that cancer research can be conducted without the use of animals. Furthermore, the CAM can provide a robust and reliable model for this type of research and provide translational potential as an ethical, cost-effective model bridging laboratory and clinical research.
Glässer’s disease caused by Glaesserella parasuis (GPS) is a severe disease that results in substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Here we describe a multiepitope vaccine cocktail (MEVC) that was designed using reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics. The MEVC was comprised of three multiepitope subunits (MESs, designated as TB, 14B, and 24B), which were constructed using 14 B-cell epitopes predicted from six outer membrane antigens of GPS. The MESs exhibited non-allergenicity, high antigenicity, solubility, and stability. Predicted secondary and tertiary structures of the MESs were validated and showed strong binding affinity with the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) by molecular docking. Immune simulation analysis further confirmed robust induction of both cellular and humoral immune responses. Immunization with MESs plus Gel-01 adjuvant (MEVC) resulted in 80% protection against GPS5 infection in mice, along with significantly increased antigen-specific IgG levels compared to controls. In conclusion, MEVC is a promising vaccine candidate to protect against porcine Glasser’s disease.
