Tuberose Agave amica (Medik) is one of the most critical flowering plants in tropical and subtropical areas. Tuberose blooms' essential oils and aromas are commonly used in perfumes, making them well-known internationally. New flower varieties are needed to meet rising demand for unique, high-quality, and diverse blooms. Conventional breeding approaches—such as clonal selection, somaclonal variation, and hybridization—are often time-consuming and limited in their ability to introduce desirable traits efficiently. In contrast, recent advances in modern biotechnological and genomic tools, including genetic engineering, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, somatic hybridization, and tissue culture, provide more precise and accelerated routes for the development of improved cultivars. This review evaluates the efficiency of in vitro plantlet regeneration and the key factors influencing its success. It highlights the application of molecular markers in the genetic improvement of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.). To support the ongoing tuberose improvement programs, this research review further proposes integrated strategies that combine genomics-assisted selection with in vitro methodologies to optimize trait enhancement and accelerate cultivar development. Key words:Genome editing, In vitro propagation, Molecular markers, Plant growth regulators
Environmental (E), Social (S), and Governance (G)—collectively known as ESG- serve as three main pillars of an organization and institutions. It reflects an organization's commitment to environmental sustainability, social responsibility toward employees and stakeholders, and transparency and ethics at the governance level. As the world currently faces global challenges of ecological degradation and climate change, corporations worldwide are integrating ESG indicators into their mandatory reporting. Although JEB primarily publishes manuscripts from an environmental biology background, to provide a holistic overview of the ESG theme in this special issue, we have also invited and included manuscripts from business management and environmental sustainability backgrounds. Pollution, mismanaged municipal solid waste, carbon emissions, climate change, zero-waste initiatives, net-zero goals, and untreated waste discharge have emerged as critical issues from both public and environmental health perspectives. As per the New Nature Economy Report of the World Economic Forum, over half of the world's GDP is moderately or highly dependent on natural resources. Ecosystem services, including the hydrological cycle, pollination, pollutants degradation, and biogeochemical cycling of materials, are crucial for a good economy and a healthy environment. Consequently, businesses are increasingly exposed to risks from ecological degradation.
Several examples of ecotoxicological episodes are aptly available in literature. Each of these disasters have resulted in the widespread damage to natural resources, wild life, humans and ecosystems. Minamata episode-1956; Bhopal gas tragedy- 1984; London Smog-1952; DDT ecosystem impact- 1960s; Chernobyl disaster- 1986; Exxon Valdez accident-1989 and Fukushima disaster- 2011 are few incidences. In addition, global warming, increased carbon dioxide and methane emissions, wild fires and melting of polar ice are a big threat to all major biomes. Climate change and its consequences on structure and function of ecosystem(s) now warrant a strategic management and planning. Climate change can be defined as “significant shifts in global or regional weather patterns caused by anthropogenic activities like burning of fossil fuels culminating into rising temperatures, melting of ice, sea level rise and increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather conditions”. Greenhouse gases viz. CO2 and CH4 trap solar heat forming a blanket around the Earth. According to NASA and IPCC, currently Earth is heating at an unprecedented rate. The year 2024 was declared as the warmest year by WMO. Experts argue that climate change is altering the ecotoxicological landscape serving as “threat multiplier”. It makes ecosystem(s) more vulnerable to toxic hazards. In terrestrial ecosystems, climate change may manifest into altered species distribution, phenology, disturbed food webs, loss of biodiversity, damage to ecosystem functions and increased risk to communicable and non-communicable diseases as well. In this section we discuss how rising temperatures, shifting precipitation trends and ocean acidification alter the behavior, transport, bioavailability and toxicity of environmental poisons, i.e. toxic elements, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, biotoxins and emerging pollutants leading to enhanced, often synergistic risks to planetary health. Significant changes in soil health have been attributed to climate change. Parameters like soil erosion, loss of soil organic matter, permafrost thaw, acidification, salinization of soil, nutrient cycle disruption, carbon loss, changes in microbial communities and plant soil relationships have exhibited noteworthy effects (Nigussie, 2024). Most important the effects of climate change can be demonstrated on carbon cycle. Global CO2 emissions have recorded high, with total emissions of 38.11 billion metric tons (IEA Global Energy Review,2026). Due to continued rise in fossil fuel emissions, driven by coal and oil demand, achieving the target of 1.5OC decrease in global temperature by 2050, seems increasingly difficult to meet (Crippa, 2025). Climate change can disrupt oxygen cycle primarily by inducing ocean acidification, deoxygenation and reducing atmospheric oxygen levels. A 2% decrease in ocean oxygen levels over the past 50 years, has been registered. This is about 10 times faster than the increase in CO2. The combination of warmer, less oxygenated waters, and increased algal blooms severely damage marine biodiversity and fisheries (Anderson et al., 2025). Organisms stressed by climate change find difficult to detoxify contaminants. The effects of climate change on hydrologic cycle can lead to intense and erratic precipitation, higher flood risks in some areas and drought in others, reduced snow fall/earlier melting of ice and erratic monsoon patterns. It might affect the distribution and toxicity of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and pesticides (Pathak, 2022). Moreover, the adaptive response of aquatic biota to climate change may affect eco-toxicological outcomes. Warming waters, ocean acidification, change in water currents can cause decline in the fish population and threaten food security. Shift in population may affect fish physiology, behavior, reproduction, productivity and loss of habitat leading to ecosystem instability, altered food webs and economic hardships (Brander, 2010). Ecotoxicological disasters like Minamata and Itai Itai had widespread effects on human and environmental health. Recent studies have reported that global warming, increased precipitation and acidification of waters alter the mobility and bio-accumulation of toxic elements viz. Hg, Cd, As, and Pb in different ecosystems and exacerbate their toxicity. Rising temperatures and altered precipitation (flood/drought) mobilize already trapped elements from soil, snow and sediments into aquatic systems. Higher temperatures directly amplify toxic effects of metals in aquatic species and affect their growth, fertility and fecundity. While, lower pH of water can increase the bioavailability of elements like Pb and Cd, higher temperatures can promote methylation of elements like arsenic and mercury. Climate change induced changes in trophic structure of ecosystems may enhance bioaccumulation and biomagnification of toxic metals in food chains. Contrarily, low temperature in Arctic regions can release metals from permafrost leading to enhanced metal pollution. Cohesively, climatic factors may further increase the impact of toxic elements on the environment and human health (Xiao et al. 2024). Further increase in CO2 would transform heavy metals in acidified waters to more toxic forms, increasing their bioavailability and risks to aquatic life, ultimately to humans through bioaccumulation in food webs (Alum, 2023). Climate factors together with pesticide form a synergistic relationship. Higher temperatures accelerate chemical degradation of pesticides and enhance their evaporation leading to increased inhalation risks for man and animals. Accelerated reduction and detoxification of pesticides may lead to increased mortality even in non-target populations. Contrarily, higher precipitation may results in runoff into water bodies, while drier conditions make pesticides persistent and accelerates evaporation of others. Increased pest pressure due to changing climates necessitates frequent pesticide application leading to enhanced residual concentration in crops. In estuarine systems, incease in salinity may promote pesticides toxicity. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are carbon based toxic substances that may exist in the environment for years, bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of organisms, travel long distances and are often used as pesticides, industrial chemicals or industrial byproducts. They include DDT, lindane, dieldrin, endosulfan, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and furans, waterproof clothing, non-stick cookware and carpet treatment. Fragile ecosystems like Arctic and Antarctic systems, are known to accumulate POPs. Melting glaciers may change their course, behavior and toxicity through increased mobility, bioavailability and release from reservoirs like melting ice and thawing permafrost. Higher temperatures and increased precipitation both can enhance volatilization and transport of POPs from soil and water enhancing their concentration in atmosphere and transport to higher latitudes. Climate change may alter the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of POPs through altered food web (Borga et al., 2022). Several bacteria, fungi, plants and animals are known to secrete/produce poisonous substances called biotoxins. They are classified as microbial toxins, saxitoxins, fish toxins and natural toxins. Their inhalation, ingestion or absorption may cause severe illness or death in humans. Climate change may enhance the toxicity of biotoxins (Berry, 2021). European waters were found to be contaminated with tetrodotoxin (fish, Octopus), ciguatoxin (Dianoflagellates) and palytoxin (corals) raising issues of food safety (Estevez et al., 2019). Climate factors are affecting the growth of cyanobacteria that produce cyanotoxins including microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins and saxitoxins (Melaram et al., 2024). Human exposure to these toxins may occur through drinking contaminated water, swimming in algal blooms or eating contaminated fish. Consequent health effects may include skin irritation, headache, damage to liver and respiratory system. Emerging and unregulated pollutants viz. pharmaceuticals, microplastics, endocrine disruptors, personal care products, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and biological pollutants are considered as emerging pollutants (Xiao, 2017). Melting of permafrost can release PFASs. Plants can absorb these chemicals and pose health risks to humans (Gander, 2022). There’s an urgent need for suitable analytical methods and novel treatment technologies for biosafety against emerging pollutants (Tang et al., 2019). Negative effects of climate change on major ecosystems thus include elevated global temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, increased frequency of droughts, sea level rise, melting of ice and an increased risk of natural disasters. Societal and environmental systems respond to these threats through suitable mitigation or adaptation mechanisms. Most important amongst these challenges is the food security for humans. Not only the staple crop yields i.e. wheat, rice and maize in both tropical and temperate regions are being affected, the productivity of marine and fresh water ecosystems in terms of fisheries is also decreasing. Climate change may decease the global fish community biomass by as much as 30% by 2100 (Carrozza et al., 2017 ). The cracks in marine food chain alter the distribution, productivity and species composition of global fish production (Fabry et al., 2008). Fragile ecosystems viz. estuaries, coral reefs, mangroves and sea grass beds too have exhibited negative effects of climate change. In brief, institutional management strategies are immediately required to ensure human food security and nutritional demands. Environmental disasters necessiate invention of regulatory mechanisms aimed at ecosafety. Climate change has attracted significant attention at inter-government level and is being monitored by agencies viz. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); UN Framework on Climate Change (UNFCC), World Health Organization (WHO); World Meteriological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Climate change is affecting all major ecosystems including human beings. The risks are unevenly distributed but are greater for disadvantaged populations. WHO claims climate change to be the major threat to life on our planet in 21st century. Moreover, extreme weather events pose public health problems i.e. transmission of infectious and zoonotic diseases (Alum et al., 2024). World economic forum has estimated 14.5 million more deaths due to climate change by 2050. Increase in drought in certain regions would cause 3.2 million deaths from malnutrition. If these conditions prevails for rest of the century, over 9 million climate related deaths would occur annually by 2100. Recently, a meeting of Conference of Parties 30 (COP 30), was held at Belem, Brazil from 10 – 21 November 2025. It focused on implementation of Paris Agreement, setting new goals on climate change for 2035 with emphasis on tropic forest conservation. The next meeting of COP-31 is to be held in November 2026 at Antalya, Turkiye, which would focus on enhancing the global climate action with strong emphasis on climate justice. In September 2015, UN General Assembly had adopted seventeen sustainable development goals for 2030. Amongst these, goal # 3 demonstrated on good health and well being while goal # 13 emphasized on combating climate change and its effects. During COP23 held at Bonn, Germany in December 2023, extensive discussion was held on climate change and human health. It proposed reduction in climate related morbidity and mortality in vulnerable communities. However, application of toxicological tools to improve understanding of the relationship between climate change and health has not been deliberated. Based on the above information, it can be concluded that immediate adoptive measures and climate justice needs to be executed. Standard ecotoxicological tests should to be incorporated with climate stress assessment. It is advised that long term monitoring of ecosystems should be performed to track the combined effect of climate change and emerging contaminents like PFAS and micro/nanoplastics. Concept of green toxicology that integrates safety assessments into the design of new chemicals and materials early in their development needs to be introduced in all management practices. It is expected that nature based solutions will help in increasing the resilience of ecosystems. Awareness on climate related toxicological hazards amongst public, industry and policy makers will yield significant dividends. Monitoring and surveillance of climate sensitive toxins in highly vulnerable areas should be cunducted at regular intervals. Employing tools of predictive toxicology, artificial intelligence and machine learning will aid in predicting the impact of climate change on the organisms and develop early warning systems.
This review focus on hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) as an emerging climate-smart crop with relevance to sustainable agriculture, environmental protection, and nutritional security. Recent evidence suggests that hemp performs efficiently across a wide range of agro-climatic conditions, requires relatively modest external inputs, and contributes meaningfully to carbon sequestration, with reports indicating that a single hectare of cultivation can absorb up to 22 tons of carbon dioxide annually. In addition to its agronomic advantages, hempseed possess a dense nutritional profile, supplying easily digestible proteins, essential fatty acids, dietary fiber, and several bioactive constituents of health relevance. Beyond its role in human nutrition, hempseed and associated plant fractions support diverse industrial applications, including the development of biofuels, biodegradable materials, nutraceutical formulations, cosmetic products, and functional foods. These uses provide sustainable alternatives to conventional raw materials that are often associated with high environmental costs. Evidence from applied case studies further demonstrates the successful incorporation of hemp into crop rotation systems, as well as its adaptability across multiple industrial value chains. Collectively, these characteristics highlight hempseed as a multifunctional agricultural resource with the capacity to lower environmental pressures, enhance soil and ecosystem functioning, and contribute to more resilient food systems. Strategic expansion of hemp cultivation, supported by targeted research, enabling policy environments, and innovation-driven value addition, may strengthen its contribution to circular economy frameworks and climate adaptation strategies. Key words:Carbon sequestration, Climate change, Hempseed, Nutraceuticals, Sustainability
Rock-inhabiting fungi are a remarkable group of microorganisms that thrive on mineral substrates and exhibit exceptional resilience and adaptability in extreme environments. This review discusses the role of rock-inhabiting fungi in bioweathering in terms of their physiology, ecology, adaptations, and impact on environmental processes. It also discusses the fungal diversity and the taxonomy of fungi found on rocks and cultural monuments. it also emphasizes their ecological importance and implications on the conservation of heritage sites. Bioweathering by fungi involves intricate mechanisms such as organic acid secretion, enzymatic activity, and mechanical processes, which facilitate mineral decomposition and nutrient cycling. Advanced methods, including molecular techniques, microscopy, and biochemical analyses, are instrumental in unraveling the diversity and functionality of these fungi. The review also explores innovative research approaches and the environmental implications of rock-inhabiting fungi, emphasizing their role in sustainable applications, including the restoration of cultural heritage and ecological remediation.By synthesizing current knowledge and addressing gaps in understanding, this paper underscores the need for interdisciplinary research to fully exploit the potential of rock-inhabiting fungi in biotechnology and environmental conservation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of fungal bioweathering processes and their relevance to both natural and anthropogenic ecosystems. Key words: Bioweathering, Ecophysiology, Fungi, Heritage, Rock-Inhabiting fung
In India, the marine fisheries sector has played a vital role in food security, the coastal livelihoods, and the broader national economy for generations. India has a long coastline (8,118 km, recently revised as 11,098.81 km, based on high-resolution geospatial 2 mapping) and an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (approximately 2.02 million km ). The livelihoods of millions of people depend on this coastline, either directly through fishing or indirectly for exports, logistics, and tourism. In recent years, overall fisheries output has increased due to the rapid growth of inland aquaculture (Zacharia et al., 2025), but marine fish production has remained relatively stable (3.5-4.0 million tonnes annually). Although the pattern is stable, marine capture fisheries appear to be approaching their ecological limits of exploitation, and several stocks already seem to be exploited or overexploited. This current situation alarms the need for ecologically balanced, adaptive management. The sector offers significant opportunities within the broader framework of India's blue economy. Marine fisheries not only contribute to the nutritional security but also generate considerable foreign exchange earnings, with seafood exports around 8 billion USD annually (MPEDA, 2023). The emerging areas, such as mariculture, which includes cage farming, seaweed cultivation, and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture are the viable pathways for expanding production can be utilised to reduce pressure on wild fish stock. The studies conducted all along the Indian coast by ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute have demonstrated the technical feasibility and economic potential of open sea and estuarine cage farming. The successful farming of the high-value fish species such as cobia, Asian seabass, Indian pompano, and silver pompano in cages and brackish water ponds has emphasized the scope for diversification and livelihood enhancement in the coastal regions. In spite of these opportunities, Indian marine fisheries have experienced a series of persistent and emerging challenges. The increased fishing capacity, technological intensification, and open access regimes have led to overfishing, resulting in declining catch per unit effort. In addition, the increased fishing pressure and environmental unreliability lead to pronounced interannual variability in key pelagic resources such as Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) (Rohit et al., 2018; Zacharia et al., 2025). Furthermore, habitat degradation due to coastal developmental activities, destructive fishing practices, and other anthropogenic disturbances continues to compromise the productivity of essential ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds.
Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of squaremesh modifications on juvenile escapement in dolnets. Methodology: The study was conducted in Karanja, Raigad district of Maharashtra, India, from April 2024 to March 2025, involving 15 sets of experimental dolnet hauls with fish targeted dolnet with square mesh codend modifications. Catch composition, size selectivity and bycatch were assessed through standardised fishing operations and morphometric measurements, with statistical analyses performed using R software to evaluate the efficiency of gear modifications. Results: The cover codend experiment conducted at a depth of 15–20 m during pre- and post-monsoon season at Karanja, Raigad district, Maharashtra, India, revealed that dolnet catches were dominated by Harpadon nehereus (63.4% ± 6.4) and juvenile anchovies Coilia dussumeri, (13.7% ± 9.0). Frequent retention of juveniles in the codend was observed with 32.4% ± 4.7 of juvenile biomass recorded there and juvenile anchovy escapement reaching up to 47.8% ± 6.2. Selectivity analysis showed the 40 mm square mesh codend had an L of ~32 mm, allowing smaller fish to 50 escape. Statistical tests confirmed reduced juvenile retention and improved selectivity in the square mesh design, supporting sustainable fisheries management. Interpretation: The 40 mm square mesh codend improved the size selectivity by releasing juveniles, reducing bycatch and supporting sustainable dolnet fisheries in Maharashtra. Key words:Catch composition, Codend experiment, Dolnet fisheries, Juvenile escapement, Square mesh selectivity
Environmental issues significantly impact any firm's performance. ESG (Environment, Social and Governance) disclosure assesses a firm on various environmental parameters. Despite previous studies addressing issues, studies addressing the relationship between ESG disclosure, economic sustainability, and the environment are scant. This study aimed to examine the impacts of ESG disclosure as a tool of environmental governance on financial performance (a subset of economic sustainability) and the environment, along with addressing gaps, theories, context, characteristics, and methodologies for the future. We used the TCCM (Theories, Context, Characteristics, and Methodology) literature review framework to conduct our study on the collected literature samples. The Scopus database is used to collect the literature samples based on adequate filters. We found positive impacts of ESG disclosure, like driving green energy innovation, meeting environmental goals, reduced energy consumption, and negative impacts, like inability to drive carbon emission alone, greenwashing, etc. Green Economics, Environmental Economics, etc., are some of the least studied theories. Baltic, south-east Asian, and other regions are the geographic gaps. Variables like corporate efficiency/innovation, etc., need more attention. This study has a profound usage for corporate and sustainability managers, investors, academicians, researchers, regulatory authorities, and policymakers. Key words: Environment, Economic Sustainability, ESG, Greenwashing, Green Economics
Rivers worldwide play a crucial role in supplying freshwater, regulating local climates, conserving biodiversity, and supporting the agriculture and economic growth of nations. However, rivers across the world are threatened by increasing pollution, climate change and excessive water extraction. In 2022, the Central Pollution Control Board of India declared that more than 50% of India's 605 rivers were polluted. Since urban rivers are more vulnerable to pollution, this study focuses on restoring a severely polluted urban river in India, the Mula-Mutha River flowing through Pune, Maharashtra, India. To develop restoration strategies for Mula-Mutha, this study examined river restoration efforts across the globe. Based on the literature review, we identified river restoration initiatives for 25 rivers across the world, and collected and analysed information regarding the stressors, objectives, interventions (both passive and active), outcomes, and distinctive features of each restoration initiative. Based on the analysis, this study suggests five restoration strategies for rivers Mula-Mutha including: adopting a mixed-use planning approach for river restoration, accepting river restoration as a multi-year, continuous process, freeing the flood plains, political support for river restoration projects and involving communities in planning and implementation of restoration projects. Key words:Mula-Mutha River, River restoration, Riverine pollution, Urban river
Blue economy refers to the sustainable utilization of aquatic resources to enhance human well-being while minimizing environmental risks and ensuring efficient exploitation of biological resources, such as algae. Algae are the primary producers in the food chain and occupy the lowest tropic levelin the aquatic food web. They harness solar energy through photosynthesis and directly contribute to aquatic food security. Through photosynthesis, marine algae reduce the carbon dioxide concentration and help mitigate global warming as well as bio-remediate marine habitats. Moreover, algal biomass possess numerous valuable properties that serve many applications. For instance, algal biomass can be used in the production of algal bioplastics,biofertilisers and biofuel (El Semary et al., 2018; El Semary, 2021; 2022).They have been found to increase the growth parameters and improvethe water and nutrient uptake. They also enhance plant resistance to salinity and pathogens (Zhang et al., 2024). Additionally, the mucilaginous or gelatinous nature of the algal cell wall and sheath can enhance soil texture and improve water-holding capacity (Hoque et al., 2025). Algae are efficient bioaccumulator of pollutants present in the contaminated environment. Marine algae have a distinctive chemical composition: 40–50% of their dry weight consists of carbohydrates and polysaccharides (hydrocolloids) such as agars, carrageenansand alginates, which are widely used in food and other industries. They are also rich in proteins and amino acids (including lysine and leucine), water and fat-soluble vitamins (A, B12, C, and E), lipids, minerals (potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, iodine), and high levels of antioxidants (Wu et al., 2023; Lomartire and Gonçalves, 2023). Algal pigments include chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins; the concentrations of these compounds vary seasonally and geographically. These valuable substances have significant economic importance and are used across industries including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and energy (biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas). Large-scale biomass facilities can be established to generate energy from massive algal production (Amalapridman et al., 2025). Algae are also widely used in aquaculture-both directly as feed for farmed aquatic animals and as biological agents that improve water quality. The Arabian Gulf offers considerable potential for scalable algal cultivation and commercialization of algal-derived products, making it a strategically promising region for developing algal-based agriculture, aquaculture, and bioproduct industries because of its warm, highly sunlit water, extensive coastline, established aquaculture and industrial infrastructure, and growing blue-economy initiatives. According to Zhang et al. (2022), the primary method of cultivating algae is inshore shallow water aquaculture, which is conducted in the marine region near the land at a depth of 5 to 50 m. It takes advantage of moderate seawater velocity and wind degree, and ample nutrients. These conditions typically mimic those of the Arabian Gulf. Indeed, the Arabian Gulf is a semi-enclosed water body with limited water renewal; the calm coastal water is well suited for mariculture. Cultivation of marine macroalgae typically targets three major groups-brown algae (Phaeophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and green algae (Chlorophyta)—which supply raw materials for a wide range of industries. Commercial viability and pricing in the seaweed industry depend on multiple factors, such as harvest cost, labor availability, the equipment required for drying and processing, and transport logistics. By 2011, the global production was estimated at 17.4 million tonnes (wet weight), underpinning a dynamic international industry largely concentrated (≈98.8%) in Asian countries, with China being the world's largest producer. Very few studies have comprehensively documented algal biodiversity in the Arabian Gulf, and the full extent of regional diversity—particularly in the Eastern Province-remains incompletely known. Interest in the region's algal flora dates back several decades, with early Aramco-funded screening surveys conducted to produce inventories of algal taxa (Basson 1979a, 1979b; Basson 1992). Later Aramco-supported study on the marine biology of the Arabian Gulf was carried out by Sheppard and Borowitzka (2001), which attributes to the regional dominance of brown algae for enduring the extreme environmental conditions of Gulf, which allows them to outcompete other algal groups for nutrients and light in the littoral (photic) zone. El Semary et al. (2018) collected brown alga Hormophysacuneiformis, for biodiesel production, from the AlUquair region where it showed massiveaccumulation. The spectrometric analyses of fatty acid composition showed that thebiodiesel obtained had lesser number of unsaturated fatty acids as compared to the number of saturated fatty acids present, whichindicates the stability of biodiesel produced. Thereby, the use of algal biomass for the production of biofuel is feasible.Algal biomass produced through mariculture in the Arabian Gulf can be processed into value-added biofertilizers to enhance local agricultural productivity. Theaqueous extracts of Hormophysa cuneiformis have been tested as liquid bio-fertilizer (El Semary et al., 2018). Many brown algae also contain antimicrobial compounds that can reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases, and improvewater uptake (Ismail and El-Shafay, 2015).These findings indicate that scaled algal cultivation and on-site processing in the Arabian Gulf, followed by controlled extraction and standardized formulation of liquid biofertilizers, can provide locally produced, sustainable inputs for saline-affected and resource-constrained agricultural systems. To harness this potential, targeted species screening, pilot mariculture farms, and simple extraction/quality-control workflows should be prioritized in Gulf coastal development plans. The search for an eco-friendly, biodegradable alternatives to conventional plastics haveattributed marine macroalgae as a promising feedstock. Locally produced Ulva biomass from Arabian Gulf mariculture can be converted with relatively simple, low-tech processing into tensile bio-composites with measurable biodegradability. Scaling this approach in Gulf coastal facilities - combining targeted species selection, routine drying/grinding operations, and on-site formulation - can provide a regional pathway for producing sustainable bioplastics from abundant algal biomass (El-Samary, 2022). My interest in Algalogy has propelled me to explore algae in three different continents. My research focus mainly on food security and environmental sustainability and eco-friendly applications of algae that mitigate global warming and reduce harmful effects of climate change including using algae in biofuel production, bioremediation, biocontrol, biofertilisers, biogenic nanoparticles production, bioplastics that are decomposable and fertilise soil. Recently, I've been awarded a U.S. patent (US 11,930,824 B1, 2024) for reporting the use of extracts from brown algae (notably Cystoseira spp.) as an insect-repellent bioproduct. The patent describes a polysolvent extraction workflow that concentrates the active repellent fractions and outlines formulation approaches suitable for foliar application or seed treatment; some formulations are also reported to have fertilizing co-benefits. This invention is directly relevant to the Arabian Gulf because Cystoseira and related brown algae occur in the regional littoral zones, revealing the fact that the Gulf-sourced biomass can be developed into commercially viable repellent products. To translate the patent into practical Gulf-based production, priorities include sustainable mariculture or controlled cultivation of target species, scale-up of the extraction and formulation process, field trials to verify efficacy and environmental safety against target pests, and alignment with regional regulatory and commercialization pathways. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has the potential to promote this industry and establish factories that exploits all algal assets. The Eastern Province is an ideal place to start this project with its long coastal line along the Gulf and its weather conditions. If initiated, this patent would pave a clear pathway for value-added algal bio-products that leverage local marine resources while supporting coastal blue-economy objectives. Efforts should be directed towards establishing algal mariculture in the Arabian Gulf fortheir numerous applications and ecological advantages.
Journal of Environmental Biology has successfully completed 46th year of publication. Since inception, the journal has consistently catered to the needs of the scientific community by disseminating research from varied fields and has attained global recognition from the research fraternity. The journal has expanded its horizon, and today it publishes research from basic to applied sciences. Here we present the glimpse of the research contents of January issue-2026. In the latest development, JEB has expanded the scope to include new areas –Geoinformatics & Environmental Engineering. The first five research articles in this issue are from the proceedings of a conference from the North-Eastern region of India that deal with the areas of Geoharzard and Environmental Engineering. Dey and Das aimed to develop mitigation and management strategies in context of invasion of Eichhornia crassipes in aquatic ecosystems. Lalthazuala et al., have mapped the entire Hunthar locality's susceptibility to landslide prone areas and studied the landslides physico-chemical and geotechnical characteristics of the soils of Hunthar landslide. Tlau et al., in their study have analyzed temporal variations and their implications for seismic hazard assessment in the Indo-Burma region. Lalropeki et al., have evaluated the relationship between ground level ozone and meterological variables in Aizwal, Mizoram. Lalruatdika et al., have monitored the vegetation dynamics for sustainable development planning. In a study related to Environmental Sciences, Laowansiri and Phothilangka have explored a novel, practical solution to industrial wastewater while generating renewable energy. The study deals with sustainable environmental engineering with clear methodical rigor and application potential. Two studies in this issue include biodiversity related aspects. Rajendra and Raghunathan have explored the range of Sarcophyton spinospiculatum to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Their work contributes valuable new data on the species distribution and highlights the importance of Nicobar Islands for marine conservation and ecological research. Sumanth et al., have assessed the carbon stock and tree diversity to understand carbon dynamics and establish a baseline for preserving valuable urban ecosystem. In a study on Plant ecophysiology, Al-Ghamdi and El-Zohri have confirmed the potential of magnetized sea water as a viable alternative for irrigation water scarce and arid regions. Sayed et al., have studied the ameliorative role of Rosmarinic acid against formaldehyde-induced lung toxicity in Winstar rats. A study on Pest control by Kaur et al., reports that anurans can significantly reduce the abundance of pest such as rice stem borers and grasshoppers in the rice ecosystem where pesticides are extensively used to control pests. An article on Sericulture by Mahesh et al., elucidates standardization the rearing protocol for sustainable Eri silk production in India to boost farmer's income and support industrialization of Eri culture. Further, a study on Fisheries and Aquaculture by Singh et al., demonstrates the potential of selective breeding in common carp to culture in saline aquaculture system, offering a sustainable remedy for utilization of degraded saline soil. Singh et al., in their study on Genetics and Plant Breeding have selected genetically diverse and superior parental lines of Trichosanthes dioica for their potential use in breeding programs for higher yield and good food quality. Kashyap et al., have evaluated the phytochemical profile of Withania somnifera to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds using different solvent extracts of roots. In a study on Apiculture, the first comprehensive investigation into the biology and morphometrics of Tetragonula iridipennis in Assam, North-east India has been reported by Saranya et al., by establishing baseline morphometric and biological data, this study contributes to both the taxonomy and sustainable management of T. iridipennis, supporting future efforts in pollinator conservation, rural livelihoods and ecological agriculture in the region. Similarly, a study on Forest Entomology by Bhoi et al., explored the host plant-pest interactions at a biochemical level, providing insights into impact of plant metabolites on the whitefly development, survival and reproduction for developing targeted pest management strategies, enhancing the sustainability of Agroforestry and ecological conservation efforts. The last two article of issue are based on Agricultural Sciences, wherein Satyajeet et al., have studied the effects of various land configurations and nutrient management on yield and economics of Indian mustard, while Harish et al., have studied the genetic diversity of small bitter gourd to identify promising elite types for cultivation and further breeding programs. We hope that the readers would find the research articles of January edition interesting, informative and useful. More interesting and emerging topics would be covered in the upcoming issues. The popularity of JEB is the result of hard work, dedication, team spirit and commitment to quality and excellence. Here we pause and remember late Dr. R.C. Dalela for his ebullient outlook towards his work. As a tribute, the entire JEB team intends to publish a “Commemorative Issue” to honor him for his academic and scientific contributions. Latest research in the field of Toxicology would be the area of interest. For more details, the researchers can contact the Editorial office. We wish all the readers, a Joyful and Prosperous NEW YEAR – 2026.
The research articles presented in the special section of January issue-2026 of Journal of Environmental Biology is a culmination of three days International Conference on Environmental Hazards in Mountainous Regions: Problems and Prospects (ICEHMRPP-2024) held on 21st to 23rd of February 2024 organized by School of Earth Science and Natural Resource Management, Pachhunga University College Campus, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram. The conference provided an important platform for the scientific community to share different issues relating to environmental research particularly environmental health, hazards, monitoring and management strategies, and explore innovative solutions to address the pressing issues faced by these vulnerable mountainous regions. As the editor of this section, I am delighted to present the section entitled: “Environmental Pollution and Geo-hazards Monitoring”. This section highlights the research pertaining to field of Invasive ecology, Environmental hazard, especially geohazards, seismic hazard assessment, environmental pollution monitoring and landscape ecology. In total 20 research papers received from the researchers were submitted to Journal of Environmental Biology, out of which 5 papers after critical peer review and editing were selected for publication. Invasive ecology research article explored the influence of detrital loading of Eichhornia crassipes on water properties under different nutrient gradients in mesocosm experiments. This mesocosm study assessed the ecological impacts of the detrital loading of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) on aquatic ecosystems by analysing changes in water physico-chemical properties across six nutrient gradients, mesotrophic, eutrophic, and hyper-eutrophic, each at low and high levels. The study focused on detritus-induced hypoxia in nutrient-rich systems and aimed to inform effective management strategies for E. crassipes invasions. This study exemplifies an integrated approach to environmental monitoring and management by systematically assessing how detrital loading of Eichhornia crassipes influence water quality across nutrient gradients. Geohazard research article relates to land subsidence in the western part of Aizawl: a case study of Hunthar, Aizawl, Mizoram, India. The aim of this paper was to generate landslide susceptibility map of Hunthar locality using AHP method, demarcating the study area Hunthar landslide and interpreted with its physico-chemical properties of soils within the study area. Seismic hazard assessment article deals with temporal variation of b-value and seismicity in the Indo-Burma Region: A precursor to large earthquake. It determines seismicity parameters such as a-value, b-value, and Mc (magnitude of completeness) for different time periods from 1965 to 2022 in the Indo-Burmese region. This study also aimed to analyze temporal variations and their implications for seismic hazard assessment. Environmental Pollution monitoring article assessed the relationship between ground level ozone and key meteorological parameters in Aizawl, Mizoram. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between ground-level ozone and key meteorological parameters in Aizawl, Mizoram, over a period from March 2022 to February 2023. Landscape ecology article deals with assessing vegetation health and fragmentation in Aizawl district using normalized difference vegetation index. The aim of this paper was to study vegetation dynamics in Aizawl District, Mizoram, India, from 2013 to 2023, analyzing the impact of urban expansion and reforestation efforts on forest cover and landscape fragmentation. I believe the varied topics presented in this section would be a good reference material not only for the research scholars, scientists, academicians but also for the readers who are keen and interested to gain knowledge with the ongoing research. I am immensely thankful to Prof. Dibakar Chandra Deka, Vice Chancellor, Mizoram University for his patronage and highly indebted to Prof. H. Lalthanzara, Principal, Pachhunga University College (A Constituent College of Mizoram University), Aizawl for his treasured and dependable encouragement. I also offer my heartfelt gratitude to Mizoram University for providing financial assistance to organize the Conference. I would like to thank my senior colleagues Dr. R. Ramthara, Associate Professor &Former Head, Department of Geography and Prof. Saitluanga Sailo, Prof. & Head, Department of Geology, PUC for their full-hearted support and cooperation from the beginning of conference to the end of publication of these articles. The constant cooperation received from the faculty members, research scholars, students and staffs of our Environmental Science, Geology and Geography departments are highly acknowledged. I would also like to thank all authors for contributing research article and panel of reviewers for their insightful and constructive critical comments for quality improvement of articles. Finally, I extend my sincere gratitude to the Editor and Team of R&D Division of Journal of Environmental Biology for critically evaluating the research papers and support for accepting the invitation for publication of these research papers in JEB. The entire publication process of this section was a valuable learning experience for me.
Aim: To identify and evaluate natural clarificants for jaggery preparation that improve colour and quality while ensuring product safety and avoiding the adverse health and shelf-life effects associated with chemical clarificants. Methodology: Jaggery was prepared using different concentrations of natural extracts like moringa leaf extract, aloevera juice and honey and determined for physico-chemical and sensory properties. Numerical optimization using Design-Expert was carried out to identify optimum concentration for good quality jaggery. Shelf-life studies were conducted using three different packaging materials. Results: Jaggery prepared using moringa leaf extract was brighter in colour as indicated by higher L* values compared to other samples. Vitamin A and C content in jaggery increased significantly with increase in the concentration of moringa leaf extract and aloevera juice. Numerical optimization revealed that 0.168% moringa leaf extract was optimum for producing good quality jaggery. Storage conditions for shelf-life up to 7 weeks in 3-layered metalized polyester pouches. Interpretation: Moringa leaf extract at 0.168% is recommended as an ideal natural clarificant for producing good quality jaggery with improved functional and sensory attributes. It enhances the marketability, shelf stability and functional health benefits of jaggery, making it a promising step towards cleaner and safer commercial jaggery production. steps preparing high-quality, jaggery using clarifying agents
Aim: To assess the extent of fruit drop and effect of pathogenic, physiological and weather factors in bael (Aegle marmelos Correa), a subtropical deciduous fruit tree suffering from severe fruit drop. Methodology: The extent of fruit drop at different stages of fruit development was recorded through roving survey in farmers' orchards and in a fixed plot at weekly intervals. Pathogenic, physiological and weather parameters were recorded for evaluating their role in fruit drop. Results: During roving surveys the maximum incidence of infection was observed in fallen fruits (95%) followed by fruits on tree (55.5%). In the fixed orchards, the maximum fruit drop was found in the cultivarCISH B-2, followed by Pant Shivani during the months of July-August and January-February. The maximum temperature, wind velocity and sunshine hours had positive relationship with the extent of fruit drop. Under cold condition, decrease in the total chlorophyll content in leaves, vapor pressure deficit, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate was recorded. Interpretation: The findings of the study indicate that severe bael fruit drop due to low temperature, and the fungal infection make the bael production less remunerative.
Aim: Compute the accuracy of district level rainfall forecast issued during last five years and compare its accuracy with the block level forecast and evaluate its usability byfarmers. Methodology: 5-years rainfall forecasts were verified qualitatively by using Ratio Score (RS) and quantitatively by using statistical technique like RMSE. The error structures for verification of quantitative precipitation were also followed to discriminate between probability of success and failure forecasts. 5-Day Block level forecasted rainfall was also verified for three blocks viz., Kaliapani, Jorhat and Titabor, and the accuracy was compared with the district level forecasted data for assessing its practical utility. Further, based on the agromet advisory bulletins (AABs) disseminated, feedback were collected from 700 respondents regarding the field level usability of the respondents regarding usability AABs and the weatherforecasts issued during the study period. Results: Qualitative verification of district level rainfall forecasts from 2018-19 to 2022-23 showed that, Ratio Score (RS) had a good acceptability with a mean score of 72% on annual basis and 80%, 76%, 67% and 66% during winter, post-monsoon, monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons, respectively. Quantitatively, 65% rainfall forecasts were found correct and usable on an annual basis with highest probability of success during winter (96%; i.e., highly accurate) and lowest during monsoon (30%). Probability of success along with the RS of the block level rainfall forecasts were somewhat fair when compared with the district level forecast. Further, feedback analysis from 700 respondents revealed that 86% of the farmers followed the agromet advisories and out of the total sample, 81% were satisfied with the rainfall forecast and 17% farmers were partially satisfied. Interpretation: District level rainfall forecast had a good acceptability with fair quantitative and qualitative forecast accuracy. Though the qualitative acceptability of rainfall forecast during monsoon was satisfactory, there was a lag in forecast of the exact quantum of rainfall occurred, which resulted in reduced probability of success with high RMSE values for the season. Further, Block level forecast accuracy showed slightly better results in most of the cases and therefore it can be effectively utilized over district level rainfall forecast forformulation and dissemination of micro level smartweather-based advisories.
Aim: Nepenthes khasiana, an endemic and endangered carnivorous plant of North-east India, is largely confined to Meghalaya. Recognising the pivotal role of edaphic factors in determining plant distribution, the present study aimed to identify the key edaphic factors and heavy metals influencing the soil in pitcher plant-thriving areas of the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya. Methodology: Soil samples were collected from pitcher plant sites and adjacent control areas (similar to 200 m away). Five locations per hill region were randomly selected, and ten samples were collected per location, yielding a total of 150 samples. Soil physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations were analysed using standard methods. Seasonal sampling could not be conducted due to difficult terrain and weatherconditions. Results: Significant differences were observed in soil moisture, available nitrogen, and concentrations of copper, iron, manganese, and nickel (F=5.796-55.534). Correlation analysis revealed that soil moisture was strongly associated with organic carbon (r=0.666), available nitrogen (r=0.961), available potash (r=0.832), and zinc (r=0.639). Principal Component Analysis identified soil pH, organic carbon, available phosphorus, potash, nickel, and copperas major contributors influencing pitcher plant habitats. Interpretation: Soil supporting N. khasiana were more acidic and enriched in organic carbon, phosphorus, and potash than adjacent areas, with the Jaintia Hills showing the highest nutrient levels. Overall, the soil quality, particularly nutrients and micronutrients, plays a crucial role in the conservation and management of this species.
Aim: The study aimed to estimate the gene action for yield and its components in chickpea through generation mean analysis and assess variability and trait interrelationships. Methodology: The experiment was conducted at the Pulses Improvement Project, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Mahatma Phule KrishiVidyapeeth, Rahuri, India in Rabi2023-24. The study used six generations (P 1, P 2 , F 1, F2, BC1, & BC2) from two crosses: Phule Vikram & times; ICC 4958 and RVG 202 & times; BGM 10216. Results: The adequacy of the additive-dominance model was assessed using the joint scaling test. Significant results for all traits, except NPBP (No. of primary branches per plant) in Cross I, indicated model applicability. The dominance component exceeded the additive for most traits like NPP (No. of pods per plant) and 100SW (100 seed weight) in both the crosses, and DFF (days to 50% flowering), NPBP, SYP (seed yield per plant), BY (biomass per plant) and HI (harvest index) in Cross I. Both additive and non-additive gene actions contributed significantly. Implications for breeding strategies were discussed based on the type of gene action observed. Higher PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation) than GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation) indicated environmental influence. Moderate heritability, genetic advance, and high heterosis for SYP were observed. Strong correlations between SYP and key yield components suggest that simultaneous selection for these traits can enhance chickpea productivity. Interpretation: Identifying gene action and variability aids breeders in applying selection strategies, guiding breeding programs for development of high-yielding chickpea cultivars.
Aim: Heat stress significantly impacts wheat crops worldwide. A wild species of wheat, Aegilops speltoides, has a remarkable ability to withstand heat, making it an ideal resource for studying how plants cope with stress. Heat shock proteins, or HSPs, are important for keeping cells stable during high temperatures. For this research, we used computer modeling to examine these proteins in Aegilops speltoides. Methodology: The study investigated heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly those with the DNAJ heat shock N-terminal domain, using computer modeling to analyze Aegilops speltoides proteins Aehsp20, Aehsp40, Aehsp70, and Aehsp101. Methodologies included domain-based identification, secondary structure prediction using PSIPRED, and 3D structure determination with software like Swiss-Model and Phyre2. Results: According to its structural and physiochemical characteristics, TRINITY_ DN8251_c0_g1_i3 (HSP 40) is crucial for protein stability and chloroplast function under heat stress, suggesting at its role in protein folding. This characterization lays the stage for future research focused on functional studies to enhance heat resistance in wheat. Interpretation: The findings underscore the significance of HSP40s in the development of heat-resilient wheat varieties, suggesting that future efforts should incorporate protein interaction studies, functional assays, and gene editing to transferstress-resistance traits.
Aim: Assessment of genetic variation for 16 agro-morphological and 12 nutritional traits along with their interrelationships, among 36 horse gram accessions to identify promising genotypes for the horse gram breeding programme. Methodology: All data gathered from 16 agro-morphological and 12 nutritional traits of the experiment were analysed to assess the genetic parameters of variability, inter-relationship and genetic divergence among 36 horse gram accessions. Results: Significant genetic variation (p < 0.01) was observed among 36 horse gram accessions. Seed yield varied from 4.22 to 12.21 g per plant, primary branches ranged from 5.11 to 9.89, and protein content reached up to 26.2%. Heritability was maximum for tannin (92.3%) followed by nitrogen (88.5%), sulphur (85.6%), whereas genetic advance was highest for pod clusters (85.8%). Seed yield per plant had analysed for positive association with primary branches (r = 0.78), pod clusters (r = 0.72), secondary branches (r = 0.65), SPAD (r = 0.61), 100-seed weight (r = 0.69), and carbohydrate content (r = 0.58), and negatively with starch content (r = -0.43). Path analysis revealed primary branches (direct effect = 0.501) as the main contributor. The three foremost principal components together explained 86.66%of variance, with secondary branches, pod maturity, and pod clusters contributing most. Clusters VI and VII showed the maximum inter-cluster distance, and most appropriate fordivergent parent selection. Interpretation: The availability of ample genetic variability and additive gene action together contribute towards genetic improvement of horse gram. Selection should prioritize primary branches, pod-bearing clusters, seed weight, and key nutritional traits utilizing divergent parents.
Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmentally friendly preservative solutions, based on coconutwater (CW) and Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE), as potential alternatives to synthetic chemicals for improving the postharvest quality and vase life of gladiolus cut spikes. Methodology: A total of nine treatments containing different concentrations of coconut water (CW) and Moringa olifera leaf (MLE) extract were evaluated for postharvest quality of gladiolus under CRD design and replicated thrice. Various characteristics of postharvest quality and antioxidant activities were measured as perstandard methods and statistically analyzed. Results: Spikes held in T3 (75% CW) exhibited superior performance in the majority of postharvest quality characteristics, including fresh weight retention, water uptake, solution uptake, and related traits. In contrast, T7 (6 g l MLE) recorded the longest vase life at room temperature, despite not-1 outperforming T3 in most other parameters. Interpretation: When spikes were treated with 75% CW, gladiolus's postharvest characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities were optimized. In terms of MLE, spikes held in a solution containing 6 g l of MLE can improve the biochemical performance of gladiolus flowers, resulting in longer-lasting-1 and higher-quality blooms forsustainable floriculture.
