The purpose of this study was to determine a framework to isolate what the important factors are in the formation and development of professional sports leagues. The method of data collection for this qualitative study was a modified Delphi technique. Telephone interviews were conducted with a panel of 18 individuals who possess expertise in the area of professional sports leagues either from present or former involvement in professional sports leagues and included founders of professional sports leagues, commissioners or presidents of professional sports leagues, owners of professional sports leagues of professional franchises and attorney who have perpetuated leagues and/or their development. Inductive and deductive content analysis concluded two major sections of findings in this study: (1) the focus of the individual and the organization; (2) the characteristics that define the intensity of the individual and the organization.
The Affect Balance Scale (ABS) was originally designed to measure the overall psychological well-being thought to be comprised of two conceptual dimensions , positive affect and negative affect , among younger populations. It has subsequently been used with all ages, but so far its usage as well as its tests of validity and reliability have been limited primarily to Western cultures. In this paper , the ABS was examined via scalogram analysis, factor analysis, pointbiserial correlation, and Cronbach 's alpha coefficient using two separate samples of elderly people. One sample consisted of 177 retired teachers from Payne County, Oklahoma, and the other consisted of 202 retired teachers from Taipei, Taiwan. Results of this study suggest that the ABS would be greatly improved by reducing it to a seven-item scale which would include five cultural universal items and two cultural specific items.
The concept of a leader is one ofthe most fundamental to the study of collective behavior. It is also one of the most poorly theorized, primarily because social movement theorists continue to (1) assume that leaders must be affiliated with an organization and (2) argue over who "counts" as a leader. This paper offers two alternative approaches. I argue, first, that our current conceptualization must be broadened to include individuals who are unaffiliated with an organization. Second, I suggest that rather than debating who qualifiesand does not qualify as a movement leader, we would do better totake an interpretive approach to the study of leadership; that is, we should treat as a leader any individual who is '• • perceived as one beit by the public, the media, politicians, or other movement i.., • -s'' participants. These two approacheswill resultin a much fuller theoretical picture of movement leaders.
This article analyzes the global crisis from the perspective of global capitalismtheory, in particular, with regard to the rise of a globally integrated productionand financial system, a transnational capitalist class, and transnational stateapparatuses. It situates the causal origins of the global crisis in a combination of over-accumulation and in contradictions of state power. This 21st century crisis is unprecedented in terms of its magnitude, its global reach, the extent of ecological degradation and social deterioration, and the scale of the means of violence. The global economy experienced a period of hyper-accumulation in the 1980s and 1990s as a result of capitalist globalization but stagnated by the turn of the century. Transnational capitalists and elites turned to two major mechanisms for unloading surplus and sustaining accumulation in the face of chronic stagnation: financial speculation and militarized accumulation. Reformist-oriented elites have responded to the crisis by calling for a neo-Keynesianism from above and mechanisms for transnational regulation while popular and working classes have resisted attempts to transfer to them through austerity, wage cuts, and unemployment the burden of the crisis.
This paper presents an analysis of the formation of Pakistan's national identity. I illustrate that the process of Pakistani national identity formation approximates that of the Germanic model. Although Mohammad Ali Jinnah first used religion to justify the claim to separate statehood for the ' Muslim nation of India, he subsequently attempted to project, much like the French model of territorial nationalism, a vision of inclusive Pakistani nationalism that would grant equal rights to all individuals. As an ideology and political doctrine, nationalism is a claim set forth on behalf of a body of people claiming to constitute a nation to establish a sovereign state over a specific territory. Once that state comes into being, it has to devise a national identity to distinguish itself from other states. In the case of new or recently established post-colonial states, the construction of a cohesive national identity is imperative. No state can hope to survive in the long run only through the exercise of force or threats. Deeper links in the larger society have to be cultivated so that a substantial number of people, a majority if not the whole of its population, identify with the state in an emotional sense. In order to achieve that, the state has to disseminate the national identity in the larger society through the educational system, the mass media and the political system (Ahmed, 1998). This is not easily done because the selection of unifying symbols and values is a sensitive matter. There is no absolute or objective criterion (or criteria) on which nationalism in general or state-nationalism in particular can be grounded. Language, religion, common ethnic origin, historical experience, cultural heritage or civilization, common residence in the same region, and various other such factors have been invoked from time to time to construct the national identity. Following Max Weber, I shall employ the ideal type method for classifying state-nationalism in terms of
During the cold war era, China was generally seen by the Left in the West as a model of revolutionary socialism. The Left was especially attracted to the Maoist policies of public ownership, egalitarianism, mass mobilization, militant anti-imperialism, and the rejection of a reformist road to socialism (Halliday 1976; Petras 1997). Nevertheless, in the late 1970s, when the advanced capitalist states lowered their hostility toward communist China and welcomed China back to the global economy, China replaced Maoist policies with "market socialism." Since the late 1970s China's economic development has stunned the world. The country has become one of the world's largest exporters of manufactured goods and sites for transnational investments, while purportedly lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty.KeywordsChinese Communist PartyFiscal DecentralizationChinese StateCapitalist ClassFiscal CapacityThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This article offers a critical analysis of the development and dissolution of neoliberalism and neoconservatism, with emphasis on the role of popular resistance in bringing about the collapse of both forms of imperial domination. Responding to the brutal realities of the post-Cold War new world order, opposition to neoliberal globalization grew over the 1990s, culminating in the protests against the 1999 meetings of the World Trade Organization in Seattle. Having successfidly blocked the machinations of the leading capitalist powers for world domination, Seattle served as a model for a series of worldwide protests and demonstrations that, despite state repression and media obfuscation, prevented the expansion of the neoliberal globalization agenda. At the same time, the increasing inability of oil production to keep up with the growth of emerging industrial economies has further intensified inter-imperialist rivalry. Under the cover of the attacks of September 11th, the neoconservative forces in the United States adopted a policy of overt imperial intervention as a means of U.S. control over its rivals' access to oil, thus securing its global domination. Although this turn at first deflated the antiglobalization movement, growing condemnation of the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq gave the anti-imperialist movement new life, and broadened its agenda. With vast majorities at home and abroad in opposition to U.S. aggression in Iraq and around the world, the failure of neoconservativism presages the end of empire.
While marriage brings us a new set of familial relationships, such relationships may be dissolved through death, divorce or distance as sociologists put it. Divorce interrupts the cycle of family development, forcing family members to alter their expectations and to create new ways of life, new households, new relationships etc. Though marriage and family are known as the highest ideals and values for almost all the people and are supported by religion and wisdom, but they increasingly happen to be dissolved by divorce due to various social and development forces. The puality of social system counts much for the rate and frequency of divorce. In our hypotheses, development is taken as a key factor influencing and increasing the incidence of divorce. In the same manner, causes and consequences of the problem will be analyzed. Socio-economic development also affects the behaviour, beliefs and attitudes of the young families in particular; often leading to divorce among them. For the appraisal of this phenomenon, various techniques of research have been used of As found out in the research, age-factor plays much in the incidence of divorce
Disarticulation, a concept, coined by Samir Amin to describe uneven sectoral development, has been shown to stand in the way of the progress in human welfare that is frequently associated with economic development. This paper offers a quantitative assessment of dependency and conventional modernization accounts of why disarticulation comes into being. Results from cross-sectional analyses set in 1965 show that higher levels of disarticulation are associated with national extraversion and urban primacy. Results from a panel regression analysis between 1965 and 1980, however, suggest that changes in disarticulation may be the predictable result of normal economic development, with early development being associated with increases in sectoral disarticulation and later development, with decreases in disarticulation
Studies have shown that marital and socioeconomic status influence the extent to which persons engage in health compromising behaviors. In this study the authors focus their attention on the impact of three aspects of religion - affiliation, participation, and beliefs, on two important health related behaviors : cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Based on data from the 1990 Alberta Survey, they find that for both cigarette and alcohol use some aspects of religion are related to levels of use while others are not. The influence of affiliation indicates that being Evangelical Protestant induces lower levels of use of tobacco and alcohol than being Catholic or belonging to other denominations; the level of religious attendance is inversely associated with the two health related behaviors; but the strength of religious beliefs fails to show any significant bearing on smoking or alcohol intake. The statistical analysis controls for the potential confounding influences of family structure, SES, gender, geographic locale, and age. Of the family variables included in the study, children in the household emerge as the most important, having a limiting influence on alcohol consumption (but no effect on smoking), while marital status is of no substantive relevance in explaining these two behaviors. Respondents with low levels of completed education are more likely to smoke, while those with higher family incomes are more likely to consume alcoholic beverages. Gender shows a significant effect in the case of alcohol, but not for smoking, and geographic location is statistically unimportant in either case. Age has a curvilinear relationship with cigarette smoking, but not with alcohol use. The findings concerning religion and risk behaviors are generally consistent with previous research based mainly on United States samples
Les AA. examinent le niveau de satisfaction d'un certain nombre de travailleurs sociaux. Il analysent les facteurs susceptibles de determiner ce phenomene : l'âge, la carriere professionnelle, l'anciennete, le sexe, le revenu, l'appartenance au secteur public ou au secteur prive. Il presente un certain nombre de donnees collectees aux Etat-Unis, en Louisiane en 1994. Ils montrent que la satisfaction est moins importante dans le secteur public, qu'elle decroit avec l'âge et agmente avec le revenu et le statut social, qu'elle est plus forte chez les femmes
Les AA. examinent les relations entre deux types de mesure du sous-emploi subjectif. Le premier met en relief l'inadequation entre la qualification et l'emploi occupe et la seconde la sous-utilisation des competences sur le plan professionnel. Ils presentent un certain nombre de donnees collectees aux Etats-Unis en 1987 aupres d'employes du service public. Ils montrent qu'il existe une relation negative entre les deux modes de mesure et que ceux-ci mettent en evidence un sentiment de destitution de l'individu qui trouve son origine dans l'experience sur le lieu de travail et qui influe sur la satisfaction professionnelle
En Afrique sub-saharienne, les taux de scolarite primaire et secondaire sont encore peu eleves et les filles sont moins presentes que les garcons dans les cycles superieurs. L'education a des influences a la fois positives et negatives sur la fertilite des adolescentes, sur l'âge au premier mariage, sur l'experience sexuelle, sur la connaissance du systeme de reproduction, sur la connaissance et l'emploi des contraceptions, et sur le choix (preference) d'avoir un enfant a une date precise. Les grossesses des adolescentes peuvent entrainer un abandon des etudes, et une selection lors de l'admission au college
Les AA. etudient les debats concernant la criminalite juvenile aux Etats-Unis. Ils montrent que ceux-ci semblent occuper une place importante depuis 30 ans. Les uns estiment que la situation s'ameliore les autres qu'elles se degradent. Les premiers montrant que cette delinquance est beaucoup plus serieuse que par le passe les seconds soutenant la position inverse. Avec l'aide d'un modele : le «Youth Crime Index», les AA. s'efforcent de trancher la question. Ils s'attachent a montrer que les taux de criminalite sont comparables quelle que soit la periode si l'on s'efforce de prendre en compte les enquetes non-resolues
L'A. etudie un des phenomenes les plus remarquables de la societe Ghaneenne contemporaine lie au developpement des eglises independantes. Il examine les missions implantees par six confessions liees au christianisme et six eglises independantes afin de cerner les caracteristiques de la religiosite ghaneenne. A partir des donnees collectees il s'efforce de montrer que la tendance vers un certain syncretisme est utilisee par les elites africaines pour harmoniser les aspects specifiques de la religion africaine et du christianisme missionnaire et cela dans le but de tirer un benefice materiel et spirituel des deux systemes religieux
L'A. s'efforce d'elaborer un modele d'evaluation des tendaces a l'extraversion que l'on pourrait observer chez des personnes tatouees. Aux Etats-Unis le tatouage tend a devenir une pratique extremement importante surtout chez les adolescents alors que jusque la elle concernait un public marginal. Le tatouage tend a devenir un art. D'apres des psychiatres, le tatouage constituerait un stimulus sexuel. L'A. elabore une theorie de la stimulation en rapport avec le tatouage qu'il estime etre l'expression d'une tendance a l'extraversion
This paper investigates poaching. Based on ethnographic data from interviews with 36 poachers and 31 game wardens the AA. describe the rationalizations of poachers for continuing their illegal activity. Extensive quotes from interviews with poachers anf game wardens are presented to support the categories of rationale : others are worst ; our own code guides us ; and we are good folk. The key sensitizing concepts are cultural conflict and folk crime, while learning theory offers a theoretical explanation
